Genetically modified cells that produce C6-C10 fatty acid derivatives

ABSTRACT

Genes encoding mutant 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases are introduced into host cells. Certain of the mutants enhance the production of shorter-chain fatty acids and derivatives by the cell than do the wild-type (unmutated) enzymes. In other cases, the chain length is not significantly affected, but productivity is enhanced. In specific cases, both a shift toward lower chain length and higher productivity is seen. Cells producing the mutant 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases are especially suitable for producing C6-C10 fatty acids and derivatives.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a national phase application of International Application No. PCT/US2018/016394, filed Feb. 1, 2018, entitled GENETICALLY MODIFIED CELLS THAT PRODUCE C6-C10 FATTY ACID DERIVATIVES, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/453,817, filed Feb. 2, 2017, entitled GENETICALLY MODIFIED CELLS THAT PRODUCE C6-C10 FATTY ACID DERIVATIVES, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

This work was supported by the United States Department of Energy under contract no. DE-EE0070007. The United States Government has certain rights to this invention.

REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED VIA EFS-WEB

The content of the ASCII text file of the sequence listing named “N00513-WO-PCT-20180530_SeqList_ST25.txt” which is 65 kb in size created on May 30, 2018 and electronically submitted vis EFS-Web in the application is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

This invention relates to genetically modified cells that produce C6-C10 fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives such as C6-C10 fatty acid esters and C6-C10 fatty alcohols.

Fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives are useful as solvents for lacquers, paints, varnishes and other compositions; as plasticizers for organic resins, as fragrances and flavorings, as fuels for jet and other internal combustion engines, and as raw materials for making a variety of downstream products. Accordingly, the fatty acids and derivatives are currently produced industrially using non-renewable fossil fuels as the carbon source, or from oils derived from plants such as palm or coconut. Selectivity towards a specific chain length is an important shortcoming in these processes—the products tend to be a mixture of compounds having a range in number of carbon atoms. Separating the compounds into discrete chain lengths is difficult, and often much of the feedstock is converted to lower-value products that do not have the requisite number of carbon atoms.

Biological cells naturally produce fatty acid derivatives. For example, almost all living cells produce triglycerides of fatty acids as well as other fatty acid esters. The triglycerides and other esters play important roles in the metabolism, cellular structure, and other biological processes of the cells, and can perform other useful functions such as storing energy. Biological processes potentially offer a way to produce fatty acid derivatives industrially. Among other potential advantages, biologically-produced fatty acid and fatty acid derivative production in some cases can rely on annually renewable carbon sources such as sugars, rather than on fossil fuels.

The fatty acid groups produced in biological systems tend to have chain lengths of 12 carbon atoms or greater. Thus, naturally-occurring cells are a good source for C12 and higher fatty acids and derivatives. For example, triglycerides produced naturally by these cells can be hydrolyzed to produce C12 or higher fatty acids, which can in turn be converted to other derivatives such as esters or alcohols. On the other hand, few cells naturally produce fatty acids of C6-C10 chain length in significant quantities.

Shorter-chain fatty acids can be produced from biologically-produced oils and fat (and/or their constituent fatty acids), but doing so requires further capital costs for the necessary processing equipment and operating costs to effect the conversion to shorter chain lengths. In addition, the cost of feedstocks can vary considerably from year to year or from one geographical location to another due to weather effects on crop production.

Biological cells produce fatty acid derivatives through a native metabolic pathway that starts with acetyl-CoA and malonyl-ACP. Acetyl-CoA condenses with malonyl-ACP with loss of carbon dioxide and CoA to produce 3-ketobutyryl-ACP. Subsequent enzymatic reactions convert the 3-ketobutyryl-ACP successively to 3-hydroxybutyryl-ACP, then to trans-2-butenoyl-ACP (with loss of water) and finally to butyryl-ACP. The butyryl-ACP can re-enter this reaction cycle in place of acetyl-CoA to produce hexanoyl-ACP. This cycle repeats itself, producing in each iteration a longer carbon atom chain by adding two carbon atoms at a time, until terminated by some other cellular process. However, this native ACP-dependent pathway has low termination rates for C6-C10 chain lengths, resulting in low production of C6-C10 fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives.

Okamura et al., in PNAS vol. 107, no. 25, pp. 11265-11270 (2010) reported that the enzyme produced by the nphT7 gene of a soil-isolated Streptomyces strain catalyzes a single condensation of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to produce acetoacetyl-CoA.

As further described in US 2014/0051136, C4 fatty acid derivatives can be produced via a CoA-dependent pathway instead of the native ACP-dependent pathway by a cell modified to include the nphT7 gene and further non-native genes that encode a 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase, a 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrase and a trans-2-enol-CoA reductase. However, the nphT7 gene is highly selective to the reaction of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to produce C4 fatty acids and derivatives. Unlike the native ACP-dependent pathway, the CoA-dependent pathway based on the nphT7 gene produces few fatty acid derivatives having C6 or greater chain length. Thus, as shown in US 2014/0051136, cells modified in this manner produce only small proportions of C6 or higher fatty acid derivatives.

WO 2015/10103 describes modifications to the NphT7 enzyme that permit it to more efficiently catalyze the condensation of longer-chain acyl-CoA compounds with malonyl-CoA. Certain strains were modified to include both the wild-type nphT7 gene and a variant of that gene. These cells produce greater relative quantities of longer fatty acids, but selectivity is poor. C6-C10 fatty acid derivatives in particular are made in only small amounts.

Therefore, there remains a desire for a process that produces fatty acids in good yields and with good selectivities to C6-C10 fatty acids or derivatives.

Applicants have discovered that C6-C10 fatty acids or derivatives may be produced by modifying a cell with mutant 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase genes that produce in the cell certain mutant 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase enzymes.

Naturally occurring 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase enzymes that include at least one of sub-sequences SEQ ID NO. 87, SEQ ID NO. 105 or SEQ ID NO. 106, or a sub-sequence closely homologous to either of these, when heterologously expressed in a cell, tend to produce predominately C10 or higher fatty acids or derivatives, often with significant fractions of C12 or higher compounds. Applicants have found that by making specific mutations within these sub-sequences, the chain length of the fatty acids or derivatives is shifted downward, with C6-C10 chain lengths becoming predominant, and production of C12 and higher compounds becoming negligable. In particular cases, high selectivity toward C6 and/or C8 chain lengths is seen.

Therefore, this invention is in one aspect a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase having an amino acid sequence characterized by including at least one of a) a sub-sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 1, provided that amino acid residue 8 is leucine, valine, isoleucine or methionine and amino acid residue 2 is leucine or methionine or a sub-sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 160, provided that amino acid residue 8 is cysteine, leucine, valine, isoleucine or methionine and amino acid residue 2 is leucine, threonine or methionine; b) a sub-sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 2, provided that amino acid residue 6 is isoleucine or methionine and c) a sub-sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 3, provided that amino acid residue 6 is isoleucine, methionine, threonine, cysteine, valine, glutamine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, asparagine or tyrosine. The invention in a further aspect is a genetically modified cell comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding such a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase.

Applicants have further discovered that making specific mutations within certain heterologously expressing 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases can increase production (e.g. increased titer) of fatty acids (and fatty acid derivatives) of C6 to C10 chain length. Thus in other aspects, the invention is a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase having an amino acid sequence characterized by including one or more of SEQ ID NO. 50, SEQ ID NO. 56, SEQ ID NO. 60, SEQ ID NO. 65, SEQ ID NO. 69 and SEQ ID NO. 170, and a genetically modified cell comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding such a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase.

The invention is in particular aspects a mutant 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase having SEQ ID NO. 119, and a genetically modified cell comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding such a mutant 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase. These mutant 3-ketaoacyl-CoA synthases have been found to improve production of compounds having straight-chain alkyl groups and specificity to C6-C10 chain lengths in such compounds. In particular embodiments, the mutant 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase may have any of SEQ ID NO. 9, SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 11, SEQ ID NO. 12, SEQ ID NO. 13, SEQ ID NO. 14, SEQ ID NO. 15, SEQ ID NO. 16, SEQ ID NO. 17, SEQ ID NO. 18, SEQ ID NO. 19, SEQ ID NO. 20, SEQ ID NO. 21, SEQ ID NO. 22, SEQ ID NO. 23, SEQ ID NO. 24, SEQ ID NO. 25, SEQ ID NO. 26, SEQ ID NO. 27, SEQ ID NO. 28, SEQ ID NO. 29, SEQ ID NO. 30, SEQ ID NO. 31, SEQ ID NO. 32, SEQ ID NO. 33, SEQ ID NO. 34, SEQ ID NO. 36, SEQ ID NO. 37, SEQ ID NO. 38, SEQ ID NO. 39, SEQ ID NO. 92, SEQ ID NO. 93, any one of SEQ ID NOs 121-157 or any one of SEQ ID NOs. 172-204.

The invention in other aspects includes methods of using the microoganisms of any of the foregoing aspects to make compounds having straight-chain alkyl groups. In particular aspects, the invention is a method for making one or more compounds having a straight-chain alkyl group, comprising culturing a genetically modified cell of the invention in a fermentation medium and recovering the compound(s) having a straight-chain alkyl group from the fermentation medium.

The following Table 1 contains a summary of 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases sequences and sub-sequences referenced herein. In Table 1, “Asch” refers to Acinetobacter schindleri CIP 107287; “Asch-2” refers to Acinetobacter schindleri NIPH 900; “Ajoh-2” refers to Acinetobacter johnsii SH046; “Alwo” refers to Acinetobacter lwoffii SH145; “ANIPH71” refers to Acinetobacter sp NIPH 713; “Asch homologues” refers to Asch, Asch-2, Ajoh-2, Alwo and ANIPH71; “Pstu” refers to Pseudomonas stutzeri ATCC 17588 and “Aagr” refers to Alishewanella agri BL06.

TABLE 1 Summary of 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase sequences and sub-sequences Full 3-ketoacyl- Seq Mutant/ CoA sequence Aligns to: ID Wild or sub- Amino No. Type sequence Organism Acid Nos.  1 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues 177-185  2 Mutant Sub-sequence Pstu 181-190  3 Mutant Sub-sequence Aagr 181-190  4 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues 150-156 Pstu 151-157 Aagr 151-157  5 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2, Ajoh-2 290-296 ANIPH71, Alwo 289-295  6 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2, Ajoh-2 326-331 ANIPH71, Alwo 325-330  7 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues 177-185  8 Wild- Full sequence Asch  1-370 Type  9-21 Mutant Full sequence Asch  1-370  22-25 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch-2  1-370  26-29 Mutant Full sequence Alwo  1-369  30 Mutant Full sequence Ajoh-2  1-370  31-34 Mutant Full sequence ANIPH71  1-369  35 Wild-type Full sequence Ajoh-2  1-370  36 Mutant Full sequence Asch  1-370  37-39 Mutant Full sequence Ajoh-2  1-370  40 Mutant Full sequence Pstu  1-373  41 Mutant Sub-sequence Aagr 181-190  42-43 Mutant Full sequence Aagr  1-372  44 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues 150-185  45 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues 150-238  46 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues 290-338  47 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues 150-338  48 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues  1-149  49 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues  1-338  50 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2, Ajoh-2 275-281 ANIPH71, Alwo 274-280  51 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues 177-185  52 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues 150-185  53 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues 150-238  54 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues 150-338  55 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues  1-338  56 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2 291-300  57 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2 290-338  58 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2 150-338  59 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2  1-338  60 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2, Ajoh-2 177-190  61 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2, Ajoh-2 150-190  62 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2, Ajoh-2 150-238  63 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2, Ajoh-2 150-338  64 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2, Ajoh-2  1-338  65 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2, Ajoh-2 316-331 ANIPH71, Alwo 315-330  66 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2, Ajoh-2 290-338 ANIPH71, Alwo 289-337  67 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2, Ajoh-2 150-338 ANIPH71, Alwo 150-337  68 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2, Ajoh-2  1-338 ANIPH71, Alwo  1-337  69 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2, Ajoh-2 266-274 ANIPH71, Alwo 265-273  70 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2, Ajoh-2 150-338 ANIPH71, Alwo 150-337  71 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2, Ajoh-2  1-338 ANIPH71, Alwo  1-337  72-81 Mutant Full sequence Asch  1-370  86 Wild-type Full sequence Asch-2  1-370  87 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues 177-185  88 Wild-type Full sequence Alwo  1-369  89 Wild-type Full sequence ANIPH71  1-369  90 Wild-type Full sequence Pstu  1-373  91 Wild-type Full sequence Aagr  1-372  92-93 Mutant Full sequence Asch  1-370  97 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2, Ajoh-2 316-331 ANIPH71, Alwo 315-330 105 Mutant Sub-sequence Pstu 181-190 106 Mutant Sub-sequence Aagr 181-190 107 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2, Ajoh-2 266-274 ANIPH71, Alwo 265-273 108 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues 275-281 109 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2 291-300 110- Mutant Full Sequence Asch homologues  1-370 111 112 Mutant Full Sequence Asch, Asch-2  1-370 113 Mutant Full Sequence Asch, Asch-2, Ajoh-2  1-370 114- Mutant Full Sequence Asch, Asch-2, Ajoh-2  1-370 115 ANIPH71, Alwo  1-369 116 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2 177-190 119- Mutant Full Sequence Asch homologues  1-370 159 160 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues 177-185 161 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues 150-156 162 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch, Asch-2, Ajoh-2 326-331 ANIPH71, Alwo 325-330 163 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues 177-185 164 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues 150-185 165 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues 150-238 166 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues 290-338 167 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues 150-338 168 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues  1-149 169 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues  1-338 170 Mutant Sub-sequence Asch homologues  51-59 171 Wild-type Sub-sequence Asch  51-59 172- Mutant Full Sequence Asch  1-370 204

Amino acid residues in all amino acid sequences described herein are ordered in the N-terminus to C-terminus direction. “Upstream” means in the direction toward the N-terminus, and “downstream” means toward the C-terminus direction. The “start” of an amino acid sequence is the first amino acid residue in the N-terminus direction. The first amino acid residue (amino acid residue 1) for any sequence or sub-sequence described herein is the amino acid residue at its N-terminus.

A “sub-sequence” is a sequence of amino acid residues contained within a larger amino acid sequence.

“Identity” is used herein to indicate the extent to which two (nucleotide or amino acid) sequences have the same residues at the same positions in an alignment. The identity is expressed herein as a % identity as determined using BLAST (National Center for Biological Information (NCBI) Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) version 2.2.31 software, using default parameters unless indicated otherwise in this paragraph. Identity between amino acid sequences is determined using protein BLAST with the following parameters: Max target sequences: 100; Short queries: Automatically adjust parameters for short input sequences; Expect threshold: 10; Word size: 6; Max matches in a query range: 0; Matrix: BLOSUM62; Gap Costs: (Existence: 11, Extension: 1); Compositional adjustments: Conditional compositional score matrix adjustment; Filter: none selected; Mask: none selected. Nucleic acid % sequence identity between nucleic acid sequences is determined using standard nucleotide BLAST with the following default parameters: Max target sequences: 100; Short queries: Automatically adjust parameters for short input sequences; Expect threshold: 10; Word size: 28; Max matches in a query range: 0; Match/Mismatch Scores: 1, −2; Gap costs: Linear; Filter: Low complexity regions; Mask: Mask for lookup table only. A sequence having a % identity score of XX % (for example, 80%) to a reference sequence as determined in this manner is considered for purposes of this invention to be XX % identical to or, equivalently, have XX % sequence identity to, the reference sequence.

For purposes of this invention, an amino acid residue of a sequence or sub-sequence under investigation “aligns” to an amino acid residue of a reference sequence or sub-sequence when:

i) in the case of an entire sequence, the sequences are aligned using the BLAST version 2.2.31 software in the manner described above, and the amino acid residue of the sequence under investigation occupies the same position in the alignment as does the amino acid residue of the reference sequence;

ii) in the case of a sub-sequence, the sequence containing the sub-sequence under investigation is aligned with the reference sequence, and the amino acid residue of the sub-sequence under investigation occupies the same position in the alignment as does the amino acid residue of the reference sub-sequence.

For example, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase enzyme of wild type Acinetobacter schindleri CIP 107287 (SEQ ID NO. 8) includes the following 9 amino acid residue sub-sequence.

Amino Acid Residue L N L S E V D A D Position in Sub-Sequence 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Position in Entire 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 Sequence When the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase enzyme of wild type Acinetobacter sp NIPH 713 (SEQ. ID. NO. 89) is aligned with SEQ ID NO. 8 using the BLAST software as described, the following amino acid residues occupy the same positions in the alignment:

A. schindleri sub-sequence L N L S E V D A D Position in A. schindleri 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 sub-sequence Position in entire A. 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 schindleri sequence Acinetobacter sp. NIPH L N T S E — N A D 713 sub-sequence The leucine (L) of the Acinetobacter sp. NIPH sub-sequence aligns to the leucine at amino acid residue position 1 of the A. schindleri sub-sequence and also to the leucine at position 239 of the A. schlindleri 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase sequence. A missing amino acid residue of the Acinetobacter sp. NIPH sub-sequence aligns to the valine (V) at amino acid residue position 6 of the A. schindleri sub-sequence and also to the valine of amine position 244 of the A. schlindleri 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase sequence. The second asparagine (N) residue of the Acinetobacter sp. NIPH sub-sequence aligns to the aspartic acid residue at position 7 the of the A. schindleri sub-sequence and also to the aspartic acid residue at position 245 of the A. schlindleri 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase sequence.

For purposes of this application, genetic material such as genes, promoters and terminators is “heterologous” if it is (i) non-native to the host cell and/or (ii) is native to the cell, but is present at a location different than where that genetic material is present in the wild-type host cell and/or (iii) is under the regulatory control of a non-native promoter and/or non-native terminator. Extra copies of native genetic material are considered as “heterologous” for purposes of this invention, even if such extra copies are present at the same locus as that genetic material is present in the wild-type host strain.

An enzyme (such as a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase) is “heterologous” if it is not produced by the wild-type host cell.

A “3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase” is an enzyme that catalyzes the condensation reaction of an acyl-CoA with malonyl-CoA to form a 3-ketoacyl-CoA. The ability of an enzyme to catalyze this reaction can be evaluated by measuring the release of free CoA-SH using 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) reagent, malonyl-CoA as the donor substrate, and a C4-C8 acyl-CoA as the primer substrate, in the presence of the enzyme. The formation of the corresponding 3-ketoacyl-CoA from any of these primer substrates indicates the enzyme is a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase.

The ability of an enzyme to catalyze this reaction can also be evaluated using butyryl-CoA as the primer substrate and malonyl-CoA as the donor substrate in the presence of 5 mM Mg⁺⁺ salt by measuring the increase in absorbence at 303 nm as a function of the increase in the formation of the Mg⁺⁺-complex with the 3-ketohexanoyl-CoA product. 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase will produce 3-ketohexanoyl-CoA from butyryl-CoA primer, 3-ketooctanoyl-CoA from haxanoyl-CoA primer, and 3-ketodecanoyl-CoA from octanoyl-CoA primer.

EC numbers are established by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (NC-IUBMB) (Enzyme Nomenclature 1992 [Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., ISBN 0-12-227164-5 (hardback), 0-12-227165-3 (paperback)] with Supplement 1 (1993), Supplement 2 (1994), Supplement 3 (1995), Supplement 4 (1997) and Supplement 5 (in Eur. J. Biochem. 1994, 223, 1-5; Eur. J. Biochem. 1995, 232, 1-6; Eur. J. Biochem. 1996, 237, 1-5; Eur. J. Biochem. 1997, 250; 1-6, and Eur. J. Biochem. 1999, 264, 610-650). The EC numbers referenced herein are derived from the KEGG Ligand database, maintained by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomics, sponsored in part by the University of Tokyo. Unless otherwise indicated, the EC numbers are as provided in the database as of April 2009.

A “fatty acid” for purposes of this invention is a straight-chain monoalkanoic acid having at least four carbon atoms.

A “derivative” of a fatty acid is a compound having a straight chain alkyl group formed in a series of one or more reactions at the site of the terminal carboxyl group of a fatty acid (or corresponding -CoA compound), to convert the terminal carboxyl group (without loss of the carboxyl carbon) to a different end group such as, for example, an ester, an alcohol group, an amino group, an aldehyde group, a ketone, a methyl group, or an alkenyl group. The length of the straight-chain alkyl group of the fatty acid is preserved in any such derivative, and may in some cases be extended.

A fatty acid ester is an ester compound corresponding to the reaction product of a fatty acid or a fatty acyl-CoA and an alcohol (with loss of water).

Chain lengths of fatty acids and derivatives are sometimes indicated herein by the shorthand “CX”, wherein X is a number designating the number of carbon atoms. The number of carbon atoms designated in each case represents the carbon length of the straight-chain compound (after removal of CoA or ACP coenzymes) formed by the cell of the invention through one or more iterations of the reaction cycle:

acyl-CoA (or acyl-ACP)+malonyl-CoA to form a 3-ketoacyl compound;

reduction of the 3-ketoacyl compounds to form a 3-hydroxyacyl compound;

dehydration of the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA to form a 3-enoylacyl compound; and

reduction of the 3-enoylacyl compound to the corresponding acyl compound.

Each iteration of this reaction cycle adds two carbon atoms to the starting acyl-CoA or acyl-ACP. The number of carbon atoms does not include additional carbon atoms that may be added during the formation of any derivatives of the fatty acid, such as, for example, carbons included in an ester group. Thus, hexanoic acid methyl ester is considered as a “C6” fatty acid ester compound for purposes of this invention, the carbon of the methyl ester group not being counted.

In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell is a prokaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell is a eukaryotic cell.

In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell is a microorganism, and may be a single-celled microorganism.

The host cell may be a plant cell, including a cell from a plant within any of the Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Marchantiophyta, Anthocerotophyta, Bryophyta, Lycopodiophyta, Pteridophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Pinophyta, Gnetophyta or Magnoliophyta plants. Such a plant cell may be, for example, a cell from a plant within any of the genera Arabidopsis, Beta, Glycine, Jatropha, Miscanthus, Panicum, Phalaris, Populus, Saccharum, Salix, Simmondsia, and Zea.

The host cell may be a fungi, microalgae, algae or red algae (heterokont) cell. The host cell may be a yeast cell. A yeast or fungus cell may be an oleaginous yeast or fungus, and/or may be a Crabtree negative yeast or fungus.

The term “oleaginous fungi” refers to yeasts or filamentous fungi, which accumulate at least 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, preferably at least 20% or even at least 25% (w/w) of their biomass as lipid. They may even accumulate at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% (w/w) or more of their biomass as lipids. The biomass is usually measured as cell dry weight (CDW).

A “Crabtree-positive” organism is one that is capable of producing ethanol in the presence of oxygen, whereas a “Crabtree-negative” organism is not. A yeast cell having a Crabtree-negative phenotype is any yeast cell that does not exhibit the Crabtree effect. The term “Crabtree-negative” refers to both naturally occurring and genetically modified organisms. Briefly, the Crabtree effect is defined as the inhibition of oxygen consumption by a microorganism when cultured under aerobic conditions due to the presence of a high concentration of glucose (e.g., 10 g-glucose L-1). In other words, a yeast cell having a Crabtree-positive phenotype continues to ferment irrespective of oxygen availability due to the presence of glucose, while a yeast cell having a Crabtree-negative phenotype does not exhibit glucose mediated inhibition of oxygen consumption. Crabtree-positive yeast produce an excess of alcohol rather than biomass production.

Examples of suitable yeast cells include, Pichia, Candida, Klebsiella, Hansenula, Kluyveromyces, Trichosporon, Brettanomyces, Pachysolen, Issatchenkia, Yamadazyma Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Zygosaccharomyces, Debaryomyces, Cryptoococcus, Rhodotorula, Rhodosporidium, Lipomyces and Yarrowia. Examples of specific host yeast cells include C. sonorensis, K. marxianus, K. thermotolerans, C. methanesorbosa, Saccharomyces bulderi (S. bulderi), I. orientalis, C. lambica, C. sorboxylosa, C. zemplinina, C. geochares, P. membranifaciens, Z. kombuchaensis, C. sorbosivorans, C. vanderwaltii, C. sorbophila, Z. bisporus, Z. lentus, Saccharomyces bayanus (S. bayanus), D. castellii, C, boidinii, C. etchellsii, K. lactis, P. jadinii, P. anomala, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) Pichia galeiformis, Pichia sp. YB-4149 (NRRL designation), Candida ethanolica, P. deserticola, P. membranifaciens, P. fermentans, Rhodosporidium toruloide, Lipomyces starkeyii, L. lipoferus, Candida revkaufi, C. pulcherrima, C. tropicalis, C. utilis, Trichosporon pullas, T. cutaneum, Rhodotorula glutinous, R. garminis, Yarrowia lipolytica and Saccharomycopsis crataegensis (S. crataegensis). Suitable strains of K. marxianus and C. sonorensis include those described in WO 00/71738 A1, WO 02/42471 A2, WO 03/049525 A2, WO 03/102152 A2 and WO 03/102201A2. Suitable strains of I. orientalis are ATCC strain 32196 and ATCC strain PTA-6648.

In some embodiments, the host cell is a bacteria cell. The bacteria may be a gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria. It may be a cell within any of the Chlamydiae, green nonsulfur, actinobacteria, planctomycetes, spirochaetes, fusobacteria, cyanobacteria, thermophilic sulphate-reducer, acidobacteria or proteobacteria classifications of bacteria (Ciccarelli et al., Science 311 (5765): 1283-7 (2006).

Examples of suitable bacteria cells include, for example, those within any of the genera Clostridium, Zymomonas, Escherichia, Salmonella, Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Alcaligenes, Klebsiella, Paenibacillus, Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Bacteriophage, Brevibacterium, Acanthoceras, Acanthococcus, Acarvochloris, Achnanthes, Achnanthidiun, Actinastrum, Actinochloris, Actinocyclus, Actinotaenium, Amphichrsis, Amphidiniunm, Amphikrikos, Amplhipleura, Amphiprora, Amphithrix, Amphora, Anabaena, Anabaenopsis, Aneumnastus, Ankistrodesmius, Ankyra, Anomoeoneis, Apatococcus, Aphanizomenon, Aphanocapsa, Aphanochaete, Aphanothece, Apiocystis, Apistonema, Arthrodesmus, Artherospira, Ascochloris, Asterionella, Asterococcus, Audouinella, Aularoseira, Bacillaria, Balbiania, Bambiusina, Bangia, Basichlamys, Batrarhospermum, Binurlearia, Bitrichia, Blidingia, Botrdiopsis, Botrydium, Botryococcus, Botryosphaerella, Brachiomonas, Brachysira, Brachytrichia, Brebissonia, Bulbochaete, Bumnilleria, Buinilleriopsis, Caloneis, Calothrix, Campylodiscus, Capsosiphon, Carteria, Catena, Cavinula, Cenritractus, Centroniella, Ceratiunt, Chaetoceros, Chaetochloris, Chaetomorpha, Chaetonella, Chaetonemna, Chaetopeltis, Chaetophora, Chaetosphaeridium, Chamaesiphion, Chara, Characiochloris, Characiopsis, Characium, Charales, Chilomonas, Chlainomonas, Chlamydoblepharis, Chlamydocapsa, Chlamydomonas, Chlamydomonopsis, Chlamydomnyxa, Chlamydonephris, Chlorangiella, Chlorangiopsis, Chlorella, Chlorobotrys, Chlorobrachis, Chlorochytrium, Chloroccun, Chlorogloea, Chlorogloeopsis, Chlorogonium, Chlorolobion, Chloromonas, Chlorophysema, Cholorphyta, Cholorosaccus, Cholorosarcina, Choricystis, Chromophyton, Chromulina, Chroococcidiopsis, Chrococcus, Chroodactylon, Chroomonas, Chroothece, Chrysamoeba, Chysapsis, Chrysidiastrum, Chrysocapsa, Chrysocapsella, Chrysochaete, Chrysohromulina, Chrysococcus, Chrysocrinus, Chrynsolepidomonas, Chrysolykos, Chrysonebula, Chrysophyta, Chrysopyxis, Chrysosaccus, Chrysophaerella, Chrysotephanosphaera, Clodophora, Clastidium, Closteriopsis, Closterium, Coccomyxa, Cocconeis, Coelastrella, Coelastrum, Coelosphaerium, Coenochloris, Coenococcus, Coenocystis, Colacium, Coleochaete, Collodictyon, Compsogonopsis, Compsopogon, Conjugatophyta, Conoehaete, Coronastrum, Cosmarium, Cosmnioneis, Cosmocladium, Crateriportula, Craticula, Crinalium, Crucigenia, Crucigeniella, Cryptoaulax, Cryptomonas, Cryptophyta, Ctenophora, Cyanodictyon, Cyanonephron, Cyanophora, Cyanophyta, Cyanothece, Cyanothomonas, Cyclonexis, Cyclostephanos, Cyclotella, Cylindrocapsa, Cylindrocystis, Cylindrospermum, Cylindrotheca, Cymatopleura, Cymbella, Cymbeilonitzschia, Cystodinium Dactylococcopsis, Debarya, Denticula, Dermatochrysis, Dermorarpa, Dermocarpella, Desmatractum, Desmidium, Desmococcus, Desmonema, Desmosiphon, Diacanthos, Diacronema, Diadesmis, Diatoma, Diatomella, Dicellula, Dichothrix, Dichtotomococcrus, Dicranochaete, Dictyochloris, Dictyococcus, Dictyosphaerium, Didymocystis, Didymogenes, Didymosphenia, Dilabifilum, Dimorphoccus, Dinobryon, Dinocuccus, Diplochloris, Diploneis, Diplostauron, Distrionella, Docidium, Draparnaldia, Dunaliella, Dysmorphaocuccus, Ecballocystis, Elakatothrix, Ellerbeckia, Encyonema, Enteromorpha, Entocladia, Entomoeis, Entophysalis, Ephichrysis, Epipyxis, Epithemia, Eremosphaura, Euastropsis, Euatstrum, Eucapsis, Eucocconeis, Eudorina, Euglena, Euglenophyta, Eunotia, Eustigmatophyta, Eutreptia, Fallcia, Ficherella, Fragilaria, Fragilariforma, Franceia, Frustulia, Curcilla, Geminella, Genicularia, Glaucocystis, Glaucophyta, Glenodiniopsis, Glenodinium, Gloeomonas, Gloeoplax, Gloeothece, Geloeotila, Gloeotrichia, Gloiodictyon, Golenkinia, Golenkiniopsis, Gomontia, Gomphocymbella, Gomphonema, Gomphosphaeria, Gonatozygon, Gongrosia, Gongrosira, Goniochloris, Gonium, Gonyostomum, Granulochloris, Granulocystopsis, Groenbladia, Gymnodiunium, Gymnozyga, Gyrosignma, Haematocuccus, Hafniomonas, Hallassia, Hammatoidea, Hannaea, Hantzchia, Hapalosiphon, Haplotaenium, Haptophyta, Haslea, Hemidinuim, Hemitonia, Heribaudiella, Heteromastix, Heterothrix, Hibberdia, Hildenbrandia, Hillea, Holopedium, Homoeothrix, Hormanthonema, Hormotila, Hyalobrachion, Hyalocardium, Hyalodiscus, Hyalogonium, Hyalotheca, Hydrianum, Hydrococcus, Hydrocoleum, Hydrocoryne, Hydrodictyon, Hydrosera, Hydrurus, Hyella, Hymenomonas, Isthmochloron, Johannesbaptistia, Juranyiella, Karayevia, Kathablepharis, Katodinium, Kaphyrion, Keratococcus, Kirchneriella, Klebsormidium, Kolbesia, Koliella, Komarekia, Korshikoviella, Kraskella, Lagerheimia, Lagynion, Lamprothamnium, Lemanea, Lepocinclis, Leptosira, Lobococcus, Lobocystis, Lobomonas, Luticola, Lynbya, Malleochloris, Mallomonas, Mantoniella, Marssoniella, Martyana, Mastigocloleus, Gastogloia, Melosira, Merismopedia, Mesostigma, Mesotaenium, Micractinium, Micrasterias, Microchaete, Microcoleus, Microcystis, Microglena, Micromonas, Microspora, Microthamnion, Mischococcus, Monocrysis, Monodus, Monomastix, Monoraphidium, Monostroma, Mougeotia, Mougeotiopsis, Myochloris, Myromecia, Myxocarcina, Naegeliella, Nannochloris, Nautoccus, Navicula, Neglectella, Neidium, Nephroclamys, Nephrocytium, Nephrodiella, Nephroselmis, Netrium, Nitella, Nitellopsis, Nitzschia, Nodularia, Nostoc, Ochromonas, Oedogonium, Oligochaetophora, Onychonema, Oocadrium, Oocrystis, Opephora, Ophiocytium, Orthoseira, Oscillartoria, Oxyneis, Pachycladella, Palmella, Palmodictyon, Pnadorina, Pannus, Paralia, Pascherina, Paulshulzia, Pediastrum, Pedinella, Pedinomonas, Pedinopera, Pelagodictyon, Penium, Peranema, Peridiniopsis, Peridinium, Peronia, Petroneis, Phacotus, Phacus, Phaeaster, Phaeodermatium, Phaeophyta, Phaeoshaera, Phaeothamnion, Phormidium, Phycopeltis, Phyllariochloris, Phyllocadium, Phyllomitas, Pinnilaria, Pitophora, Placoneis, Planctonema, Planktophaeria, Planothidium, Plectonema, Pleodorina, Pleurastrum, Pleurocapsa, Pleurocladia, Pleurodiscus, Pleurosigma, Pleurosira, Pleurotaenium, Pocillomanas, Podohedea, Polyblepharides, Polychaetophora, Polyedriella, Polyedriopsis, Polygoniochloris, Polyepidomanas, Polytaenia, Polytoma, Polytomella, Porphyridium, Posteriochromonas, Prasinochloris, Prasinocladus, Prasinophyta, Praisola, Prochlorphyta, Psammodictyon, Psammothidium, Pseudanabaena, Pseudenoclonium, Psuedocarteria, Pseudochate, Pseaudocharacium, Pseudococcomyxa, Pseudodictyosphaerium, Pseudokephyrion, Pseudoncobrysa, Pseudoquadrigula, Pseudophaerocystis, Pseudostaurastrum, Pseudostraurosira, Pyrrophyta, Quadrichloris, Quadricoccus, Quadrigula, Radiocuccus, Radiobetalum, Raphidiopsis, Raphidocelis, Raphidonema, Raphidophyta, Peimeria, Rhadorderma, Rhabomonas, Rhizoclonium, Rhodomonas, Rhodiphyta, Rhoicosenia, Rhopalodia, Rivularia, Rosenvingiella, Rossithidium, Roya, Scenedesmus, Scherffelia, Schizochlamydella, Schizochlamys, Schizomeris, Schizothrix, Schroederia, Scolioneis, Scotiella, Scotiellopsis, Scourfieldia, Scytonema, Slenastrum, Selenochloris, Sellaphora, Semiorbis, Siderocelis, Diderocys tops is, Dimonsenia, Siphononema, Sirocladium, Sirogonium, Skeletonema, Sorastrum, Spermatozopis, Sphaerellocystis, Sphaerellopsis, Sphaerodinium, Sphaeroplea, Sphaerozosma, Spiniferomonas, Spirogyra, Spirotaenia, Spirulina, Spondylomorum, Spondylosium, Sporotetras, Spumella, Staurastrum, Stauerodesmus, Stauroneis, Staurosira, Staurrosiella, Stenopterobia, Stephanocostis, Stephanodiscus, Stephanoporos, Stephanoshaera, Stichoccus, Stichogloea, Sigeoclonium, Stigonema, Stipitocuccus, Stokesiella, Stombomonas, Stylochrysalis, Stylodinium, Styloyxis, Stylosphaeridium, Surirella, Sykidion, Symploca, Synechococcus, Synechocystis, Synedra, Synochromonas, Synura, Tabellaria, Tabularia, Teilingia, Temnogametum, Tetmemorus, Tetrachlorella, Tetracyclus, Tetrademus, Tetraedriella, tetraedron, Tetraselmis, Tetraspora, Tetrastrum, Thalassiosira, Thanmiochaete, Thoakochloris, Thorea, Tolypella, Tolypothrix, Trachelomonas, Trachydiscus, Trebouxia, Trentepholia, Treubaria, Tribonema, Trichodesmium, Tricodiscus, Trochiscia, Tryblionella, Ulothrix, Uroglena, Uronema, Urosolenia, Urospora, Uva, Vacuolaria, Vaucheria, Volvox, Volvulina, Westella, Woloszynskia, Xanthidium, Xanthophyta, Exencoccus, Zygenema, Zygnemopsis, and Zygonium.

Specific examples of bacteria host cells include Escherichia coli; Oligotropha carboxidovorans, Pseudomononas sp. Alcaligenes eutrophus (Cupriavidus necator), Bacillus licheniformis, Paenibacillus macerans, Rhodococcus erythropolis, Pseudomonas putida, Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus gallinarium, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Cupriavidus basilensis, Cupriavidus campinensis, Cupriavidus gilardi, Cupriavidus laharsis, Cupriavidus metallidurans, Cupriavidus oxalaticus, Cupriavidus pauculus, Cupriavidus pinatubonensis, Cupriavidus respiraculi, Cupriavidus taiwanensis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium marinum, and Mycobacterium ulcerans. In other embodiments, the bacterium is Nocardia sp. NRRL 5646, Nocardia farcinica, Streptomyces griseus, Salinispora arenicola, or Clavibacter michiganenesis.

The host cell may be a synthetic cell or a cell produced by a synthetic genome, as described in U.S. Patent Publication 2007/0264688, or 2007/0269862. The host cell may be a CHO cell, a COS cell, a VERO cell, a BHK cell, a HeLa cell, a Cv1 cell, an MDCK cell, a 293 cell, a 3T3 cell, or a PC12 cell.

In certain embodiments, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 160, or a sub-sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 160, provided that that an amino acid residue that aligns to amino acid residue 8 in each case is any one of leucine, valine, isoleucine or methionine and an amino acid residue that aligns to amino acid residue 8 is leucine or methionine in the case of SEQ ID NO. 1 and leucine, methionine or threonine in the case of SEQ ID NO. 160. SEQ ID NO. 1 differs from SEQ ID NO. 87 in that the threonine in amino acid residue position 8 of SEQ ID NO. 87 is replaced in SEQ ID NO. 1 with any one of leucine, valine, isoleucine or methionine. SEQ ID NO. 160 differs from SEQ ID NO. 87 in that the threonine in amino acid residue position 8 of SEQ ID NO. 87 is replaced in SEQ ID NO. 160 with any one of leucine, valine, isoleucine or methionine, and amino acid residue in position 2 may also be threonine. SEQ ID NO. 87 represents a sub-sequence found in a range of naturally-occurring 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases. SEQ ID NO. 87 appears, for example in the naturally-occurring 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases of Acinetobacter schindleri CIP 107287 (as amino acid residues 177-185 of SEQ ID NO. 8, amino acid residue 178 being methionine); Acinetobacter schindleri NIPH 900 (as amino acid residues 177-185 of SEQ ID NO. 86, amino acid residue 178 being methioine); Acinetobacter johnsii SH046 (as amino acid residues 177-185 of SEQ ID NO. 35, amino acid residue 178 being leucine); Acinetobacter lwoffii SH145 (as amino acid residues 177-185 of SEQ ID NO. 88, amino acid residue 178 being leucine); Acinetobacter sp NIPH 713 (as amino acid residues 177-185 of SEQ ID NO. 89, amino acid residue 178 being leucine). This substitution of the threonine indicated at amino acid residue 8 of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 160 has been found to shift fatty acid production (and production of fatty acid derivatives) toward C6, C8 and/or C10 fatty acids and derivatives.

The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase in some embodiments includes at least one sub-sequence selected from a) SEQ ID NO. 4 or SEQ ID NO. 161, b) SEQ ID NO. 5 and c) SEQ ID NO. 6 or SEQ ID NO. 162. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase preferably includes each of a), b) and c).

In some embodiments in which SEQ ID NO. 4 or SEQ ID NO. 161 is present in the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase, sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 4 is present upstream of subsequence SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 160, as the case may be. The start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 4 or SEQ ID NO. 161, as the case may be, may be located, for example, 25 to 30 amino acid residues, especially exactly 27 amino acid residues, upstream of the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 160 (as the case may be) in such 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase enzymes.

The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase in some embodiments includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 44 and/or SEQ ID No. 45, or a sub-sequence at least 85% identical to either of those. As can be seen by comparing the sequences, each of SEQ ID NOs. 44 and 45 includes SEQ ID NO. 4 (which appears as amino acid residues 1-7 of SEQ ID NOs. 44 and 45) and SEQ ID NO. 1 (which appears as amino acid residues 28-36 of SEQ ID NOs. 44 and 45). In sub-sequence SEQ ID NOs. 44 and 45, the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 4 is positioned 27 amino acid residues upstream of the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 1.

The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase in some embodiments includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 164 and/or SEQ ID No. 165, or a sub-sequence at least 85% identical to either of those. As can be seen by comparing the sequences, each of SEQ ID NOs. 164 and 165 includes SEQ ID NO. 161 (which appears as amino acid residues 1-7 of SEQ ID NOs. 164 and 165) and SEQ ID NO. 160 (which appears as amino acid residues 28-36 of SEQ ID NOs. 164 and 165). In sub-sequence SEQ ID NOs. 164 and 165, the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 161 is positioned 27 amino acid residues upstream of the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 160.

In some embodiments in which SEQ ID NO. 5 is present in the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase, sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 5 is preferably present downstream of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 160, as the case may be. The start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 5 may be located, for example, 100 to 120 amino acid residues, 108 to 116 amino acid residues, or exactly 112 or 113 amino acids, downstream of the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 160 (as the case may be) in such 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase enzymes.

In some embodiments in which SEQ ID NO. 6 or SEQ ID NO. 162 is present in the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase, sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 6 or SEQ ID NO. 162, as the case may be, preferably is present downstream of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 160, as the case may be. The start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 6 or SEQ ID NO. 162 may be located, for example, from 140 to 160 amino acid residues, from 145 to 155 amino, especially exactly 147 or 148 amino acid residues, downstream of the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 160 (as the case may be) in such 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase enzymes.

In some embodiments in which both sub-sequences SEQ ID NOs. 5 and 6 are present, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 46. In SEQ ID NO. 46, sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 5 appears as amino acid residues 1-7 and sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 6 appears as amino acid residues 36-42.

In some embodiments in which both sub-sequences SEQ ID NOs. 5 and 162 are present, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 166. In SEQ ID NO. 166, sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 5 appears as amino acid residues 1-7 and sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 162 appears as amino acid residues 36-42.

In some embodiments in which each of sub-sequences SEQ ID NOs. 4, 5 and 6 are present, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 47. In SEQ ID NO. 47, sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 4 appears as amino acid residues 1-7: sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 1 appears as amino acid residues 28-36; sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 5 appears as amino acid residues 141-147 and sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 6 appears as amino acid residues 176-182.

In some embodiments in which each of sub-sequences SEQ ID NOs. 161, 5 and 162 are present, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 167. In SEQ ID NO. 167, sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 161 appears as amino acid residues 1-7: sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 160 appears as amino acid residues 28-36; sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 5 appears as amino acid residues 141-147 and sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 162 appears as amino acid residues 176-182.

In any of the foregoing embodiments, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase may include sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 48 or SEQ ID NO. 168. SEQ ID NO. 48 or SEQ ID NO. 168 preferably is upstream of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 1 or SEQ ID NO. 160, as the case may be and upstream of each of sub-sequences SEQ ID NOs, 4 or 161, 5 and 6 or 162, when present.

In some embodiments, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase includes SEQ ID. NO 49 or a sequence that is at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 49, provided that an amino acid residue that aligns to position 184 of SEQ ID NO. 49 is one of leucine, valine, isoleucine or methionine.

In some embodiments, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase includes SEQ ID NO. 169 or a sequence that is at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 169, provided that an amino acid residue that aligns to position 184 of SEQ ID NO. 169 is one of cysteine, leucine, valine, isoleucine or methionine.

In some embodiments, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase has SEQ ID. NO 110 or is at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 110, provided that an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA that aligns to amino acid residue 184 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is one of leucine, valine, isoleucine or methionine.

In some embodiments, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase has SEQ ID NO. 119 or a sequence that is at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 119, provided that an amino acid residue that aligns to position 184 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is one of cysteine, leucine, valine, isoleucine or methionine.

In other embodiments, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase is at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 95% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs. 8, 35, 86, 88 or 89, provided in each case that an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns to amino acid residue 184 of any of SEQ ID NOs. 8, 35, 86, 88 or 89 is leucine, valine, isoleucine or methionine.

In specific embodiments, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase has any of SEQ ID NOs. 9-34, 36-39, 92-93, 121-157 or 172-204, or is at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 95% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs. 9-34, 36-39, 92-93, 121-157 or 172-204, provided in each case that an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA that aligns to amino acid residue 184 of any of SEQ ID NOs. 9-34, 36-39, 92-93, 121-157 or 172-204 is one of leucine, valine, isoleucine or methionine.

In certain embodiments, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 2, or a sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 2, provided that an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA that aligns to amino acid residue 6 of SEQ ID NO. 2 is isoleucine or methionine. A sub-sequence otherwise identical to SEQ ID NO. 2, but in which the amino acid residue aligning to amino acid residue 6 of SEQ ID NO. 2 is cysteine, appears in naturally-occurring 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases such as that of Pseudomonas stutzeri ATCC 17588 (SEQ ID NO. 90, where such a sequence appears as amino acid residues 181-190 (with the cysteine appearing as amino acid residue 186). This substitution of the cysteine has been found to shift fatty acid production (and production of fatty acid derivatives) toward C6, C8 and/or C10 fatty acids and derivatives, and away from longer-chain compounds.

As before, a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 2 may include at least one sub-sequence selected from a) SEQ ID NO. 4 or SEQ ID NO. 161, b) SEQ ID NO. 5 and c) SEQ ID NO. 6 or SEQ ID NO. 162. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase preferably includes each of these sub-sequences. When sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 4 or SEQ ID NO. 161 is present, sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 4 or SEQ ID NO. 161 is present upstream of subsequence SEQ ID NO. 2, and its start may be located, for example, 25 to 35 amino acid residues, 28 to 32 amino acid residues, or especially exactly 30 amino acid residues, upstream of the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 2. When sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 5 is present, sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 5 preferably is present downstream of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 2, and the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 5 may be located, for example, 100 to 120 amino acid residues, from 110 to 118, especially exactly 115 or 116 amino acid residues, downstream of the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 2. When sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 6 or SEQ ID NO. 162 is present, sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 6 or SEQ ID NO. 162 preferably is present downstream of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 2, and the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 6 or SEQ ID NO. 162 may be located, for example, from 140 to 160 amino acid residues, from 145 to 155 amino acid residue, especially exactly 148, 149 or 150 amino acid residues, downstream of the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 2 in such 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase enzymes.

In some embodiments in which sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 2 is present, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase is at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 40, provided that an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns to amino acid residue 186 of SEQ ID NO. 40 is isoleucine or methionine.

In certain embodiments, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 3, or a sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 3, provided that an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA that aligns to amino acid residue 6 of SEQ ID NO. 3 is any one of isoleucine, methionine, leucine, threonine, cysteine, valine, glutamine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, asparagine and tyrosine. A sub-sequence otherwise identical to SEQ ID NO. 3, but in which the amino acid residue that aligns to amino acid residue 6 of SEQ ID NO. 3 is alanine, appears in naturally-occurring 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases such as that of Alishewanella agri BL06 (SEQ ID NO. 91, where such a sequence appears as amino acid residues 181-190 (with the alanine appearing as amino acid residue 186). This substitution of the alanine has been found to sharply reduce the production of C12 fatty acids and derivatives in favor of C6, C8 and/or C10 fatty acids and derivatives.

As before, a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 3 may include at least one sub-sequence selected from a) SEQ ID NO. 4 or SEQ ID NO. 161, b) SEQ ID NO. 5 and c) SEQ ID NO. 6 or SEQ ID NO. 162. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase preferably includes each of these sub-sequences. When sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 4 or SEQ ID NO 161 is present, sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 4 or SEQ ID NO. 161 is present upstream of subsequence SEQ ID NO. 3, and its start may be located, for example, 25 to 35 amino acid residues, 28 to 32 amino acid residues, or especially exactly 30 amino acid residues, upstream of the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 3. When sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 5 is present, sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 5 preferably is present downstream of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 3, and the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 5 may be located, for example, 100 to 120 amino acid residues, from 110 to 118, especially exactly 115 or 116 amino acid residues, downstream of the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 3. When sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 6 or SEQ ID NO. 162 is present, sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 6 or SEQ ID NO. 162 preferably is present downstream of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 3, and the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 6 or SEQ ID NO. 162 may be located, for example, from 140 to 160 amino acid residues, from 145 to 155 amino acid residue, especially exactly 148, 149 or 150 amino acid residues, downstream of the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 3 in such 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase enzymes.

In some embodiments in which sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 3 is present, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase is at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 95% identical to any of SEQ ID NO. 42, provided that an amino acid residue of the 3-ketaoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns to amino acid residue 186 of SEQ ID NO. 42 is any one of isoleucine, methionine leucine, threonine, cysteine, valine, glutamine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, asparagine and tyrosine.

In some embodiments in which sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 3 is present, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase is at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 95% identical to any of SEQ ID NO. 43, provided that an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns to amino acid residue 186 of SEQ ID NO. 43 is isoleucine.

In some embodiments in which sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 3 is present, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase has SEQ ID NO. 42 or SEQ ID NO. 43.

In some embodiments in which sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 3 is present, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase has SEQ ID NO. 42, wherein:

a) amino acid residue 186 is any one of isoleucine, threonine, cysteine, valine, glutamine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, asparagine or tyrosine;

b) amino acid residue 186 is any one of isoleucine, threonine, cysteine, valine, glutamine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, asparagine or tyrosine, and amino acid residue 241 is any one of methionine, phenylanaline, glutamic acid, leucine, tyrosine or aspartic acid; c) amino acid residue 186 is any one of isoleucine, threonine, cysteine, valine, glutamine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, asparagine or tyrosine, and amino acid residue 239 is any one of glutamine, aspartic acid or asparagine; d) amino acid residue 186 is any one of isoleucine, threonine, cysteine, valine, glutamine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, asparagine or tyrosine, and amino acid residue 246 is any of lysine or arginine; e) amino acid residue 186 is any one of isoleucine, threonine, cysteine, valine, glutamine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, asparagine or tyrosine, amino acid residue 239 is any one of glutamine, aspartic acid or asparagine and amino acid residue 241 is any one of methionine, phenylanaline, glutamic acid, leucine, tyrosine or aspartic acid; f) amino acid residue 186 is any one of isoleucine, threonine, cysteine, valine, glutamine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, asparagine or tyrosine, amino acid residue 239 is any one of glutamine, aspartic acid, tyrosine or asparagine and amino acid residue 246 is any one of lusine and arginine; g) amino acid residue 186 is any one of isoleucine, threonine, cysteine, valine, glutamine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, asparagine or tyrosine, amino acid residue 241 is any one of methionine, phenylanaline, glutamic acid or aspartic acid and amino acid residue 246 is any one of lysine and arginine; or h) amino acid residue 186 is any one of isoleucine, threonine, cysteine, valine, glutamine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, asparagine or tyrosine, amino acid residue 243 is glutamic acid and amino acid residue 246 is any one of histidine, lysine and arginine.

In some embodiments, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase includes a sub-sequence SEQ ID. NO. 170, or a sub-sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 170, provided that (1) an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA that aligns to amino acid residue 1 of SEQ ID NO. 170 is any one of alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, serine, threonine, tryptophan or tyrosine and (2) an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA that aligns to amino acid residue 4 of SEQ ID NO. 170 is valine or alanine. SEQ ID NO. 170 differs from SEQ ID NO. 171 in that the glycine in amino acid position 1 of SEQ ID NO. 171 is replaced in SEQ ID NO. 170 with any one of alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, serine, threonine, tryptophan or tyrosine, and further in that the amino acid in position 4 may be valine. SEQ ID NO. 171 represents a sub-sequence found in a range of naturally-occurring 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases. SEQ ID NO. 171 appears, for example in the naturally-occurring 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases of Acinetobacter schindleri CIP 107287 (as amino acid residues 51-60 of SEQ ID NO. 8 with amino acid residue 55 being glutamic acid); Acinetobacter schindleri NIPH 900 (as amino acid residues 51-60 of SEQ ID NO. 86 with amino acid residue 55 being glutamic acid); Acinetobacter johnsii SH046 (as amino acid residues 51-60 of SEQ ID NO. 35 with amino acid residue 55 being glutamic acid); Acinetobacter lwoffii SH145 (as amino acid residues 51-60 of SEQ ID NO. 88 with amino acid residue 5 being aspartic acid); Acinetobacter sp NIPH 713 (as amino acid residues 51-60 of SEQ ID NO. 89 with amino acid residue 55 being glutamic acid).

In some embodiments, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase includes a sub-sequence SEQ ID. NO. 50, or a sub-sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 50, provided that an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA that aligns to amino acid residue 4 of SEQ ID NO. 50 is arginine. SEQ ID NO. 50 differs from SEQ ID NO. 108 in that the lysine of SEQ ID NO. 108 is replaced in SEQ ID NO. 50 with arginine. SEQ ID NO. 108 represents a sub-sequence found in a range of naturally-occurring 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases. SEQ ID NO. 108 appears, for example in the naturally-occurring 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases of Acinetobacter schindleri CIP 107287 (as amino acid residues 275-281 of SEQ ID NO. 8 with amino acid residue 280 being glutamine); Acinetobacter schindleri NIPH 900 (as amino acid residues 275-281 of SEQ ID NO. 86 with amino acid residue 279 being glutamine); Acinetobacter johnsii SH046 (as amino acid residues 275-281 of SEQ ID NO. 35 with amino acid residue 280 being asparagine); Acinetobacter lwoffii SH145 (as amino acid residues 274-280 of SEQ ID NO. 88 with amino acid residue 279 being glutamine); Acinetobacter sp NIPH 713 (as amino acid residues 274-280 of SEQ ID NO. 89 with amino acid residue 279 being glutamine). This substitution of the lysine has been found to increase fatty acid production rates (and production rates of fatty acid derivatives).

A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 50 in some embodiments includes at least one sub-sequence selected from SEQ ID NO. 51, SEQ ID NO. 4, SEQ ID NO. 5 and SEQ ID NO. 6, or any combination of any two or more thereof. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase preferably includes each of sub-sequences SEQ ID NOs. 51, 4, 5 and 6. When sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 4 is present, it is preferably upstream from sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 50. The start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 4 may be, for example, from 120 to 130, 122 to 128, or 124 to 125 amino acid residues upstream of the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 50. When sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 51 is present, it is preferably upstream from sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 50. The start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 51 may be, for example, 93 to 103, 95 to 100, or 97 to 98 amino acid residues upstream of the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 50. When sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 5 is present, it is preferably downstream from sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 50. The start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 5 may be, for example, 10 to 20, 12-18, or exactly 15 amino acid residues downstream of the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 50. When sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 6 is present, it is preferably downstream from sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 50. The start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 5 may be, for example, 45 to 56, 49 to 53, or exactly 51 amino acid residues downstream of the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 50.

A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 50 may also include any one or more of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 52, sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 53, sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 46, sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 48 (provided amino acid residue 278 is arginine) or subsequence SEQ ID NO. 110 (again provided amino acid residue 278 is arginine. The start of said sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 52 or 53 may be 120 to 130, 122 to 128 or 124 to 126 amino acid residues upstream of the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 50. The start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 52 may be 120 to 130, 122 to 128 or 124-126 amino acid residues upstream of the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 50. The start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 46 may be, for example, 10 to 20, 12-18, or exactly 15 amino acid residues downstream of the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 50. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 50 may include sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 54, provided that amino acid residue 129 of SEQ ID NO. 54 is arginine.

A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase sub-sequence that includes SEQ ID NO. 50 may include SEQ ID NO. 55, or include a sequence at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 55, provided that an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA that aligns to amino acid residue 278 in SEQ ID NO. 55 is arginine. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase sub-sequence that includes SEQ ID NO. 50 may have SEQ ID NO. 111, or be at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 111, provided that an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA that aligns to amino acid residue 278 in SEQ ID NO. 111 is arginine.

In some embodiments, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase includes a sub-sequence SEQ ID. NO. 56, or a sub-sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 56, provided that an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA that aligns to amino acid residue 6 of SEQ ID NO. 56 is alanine. As will be seen by comparing the sequences, SEQ ID NO. 56 differs from SEQ ID NO. 109 in that the valine in amino acid residue position 6 of SEQ ID NO. 109 is replaced in SEQ ID NO. 56 with alanine. SEQ ID NO. 109 represents a sub-sequence found in a range of naturally-occurring 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases. SEQ ID NO. 109 appears, for example in the naturally-occurring 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases of Acinetobacter schindleri CIP 107287 (as amino acid residues 291-300 of SEQ ID NO. 8 and Acinetobacter schindleri NIPH 900 (as amino acid residues 291-300 of SEQ ID NO. 86. This substitution of the valine by alanine has been found to increase fatty acid production rates (and production rates of fatty acid derivatives).

A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 56 in some embodiments includes at least one sub-sequence selected from SEQ ID NO. 51, SEQ ID NO. 4, and SEQ ID NO. 6, or any combination of any two or more thereof. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase preferably includes each of sub-sequences SEQ ID NOs. 51, 4, and 6. The start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 51 may be 109 to 120, 112 to 116 or 114 amino acid residues upstream from the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 56. The start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 4 may be 135 to 148, 139 to 143 or 141 amino acid residues upstream from the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 56. The start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 6 may be 30 to 40, 33 to 37 or 35 amino acid residues downstream from the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 56.

A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 56 may also include any one or more of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 52, sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 53, or sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 48. The start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 52 or 53 may be 135 to 148, 139 to 143 or 141 amino acid residues upstream from the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 56. The start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 48 may be 285 to 295, 288 to 292 or 290 amino acid residues upstream from the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 56. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 56 may include sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 58.

A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase sub-sequence that includes SEQ ID NO. 56 may have SEQ ID NO. 59, or be at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 59, provided that an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA that aligns to amino acid residue 296 in SEQ ID NO. 59 is alanine. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase sub-sequence that includes SEQ ID NO. 56 may have SEQ ID NO. 112, or be at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 112, provided that an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA that aligns to amino acid residue 296 in SEQ ID NO. 112 is alanine.

In some embodiments, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase includes a sub-sequence SEQ ID. NO. 60, or a sub-sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 60, provided that an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA that aligns to amino acid residue 2 of SEQ ID NO. 60 is leucine and an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA that aligns to amino acid residue 10 of SEQ ID NO. 60 is glutamine. As will be seen by comparing the sequences, SEQ ID NO. 60 differs from SEQ ID NO. 116 in that the methionine in amino acid residue position 2 of SEQ ID NO. 116 is replaced in SEQ ID NO. 60 with leucine. SEQ ID NO. 116 represents a sub-sequence found in a range of naturally-occurring 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases. SEQ ID NO. 116 appears, for example in the naturally-occurring 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases of Acinetobacter schindleri CIP 107287 (as amino acid residues 177-190 of SEQ ID NO. 8 and Acinetobacter schindleri NIPH 900 (as amino acid residues 177-190 of SEQ ID NO. 86). This substitution of the methionine by leucine has been found to increase fatty acid production rates (and production rates of fatty acid derivatives).

A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 60 may further include sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 4. The start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 4 may be 22 to 32, 25 to 29 or 27 amino acid residues upstream of the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 60. Such a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase may have a sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 61 or sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 62.

A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 60 in some embodiments includes at least one sub-sequence selected from SEQ ID NO. 5 and SEQ ID NO. 6. The start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 5 may be 109 to 120, 11 to 115 or 112 to 113 amino acid residues downstream of the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 60. The start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 6 may be 143 to 153, 146 to 151 or 148 to 149 amino acid residues upstream of the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 60. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase preferably includes each of sub-sequences SEQ ID NOs. 4, 5 and 6.

A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequences SEQ ID NO. 60, SEQ ID NO. 4, SEQ ID NO. 5 and SEQ ID NO. 6 may include a sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 63.

A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 60 may also include a sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 48. The start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 48 may be 173 to 183, 175 to 179 or 177 amino acid residues upstream from the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 60. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase sub-sequence that includes SEQ ID NO. 60 may include SEQ ID NO. 64, or include a sequences that is at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 64, provided that amino acid residue in position 178 is leucine and the amino acid residue in position 186 is glutamine. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase sub-sequence that includes SEQ ID NO. 60 may have SEQ ID NO. 113, or be at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 113, provided that amino acid residue in position 178 is leucine and the amino acid residue in position 186 is glutamine.

In some embodiments, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase includes a sub-sequence SEQ ID. NO. 65, or a sub-sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 65, provided that an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA that aligns to amino acid residue in position 2 of SEQ ID NO. 65 is alanine. As will be seen by comparing the sequences, SEQ ID NO. 65 differs from SEQ ID NO. 97 in that the valine in amino acid residue position 2 of SEQ ID NO. 97 is replaced in SEQ ID NO. 65 with alanine. SEQ ID NO. 97 represents a sub-sequence found in a range of naturally-occurring 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases. SEQ ID NO. 97 appears, for example in the naturally-occurring 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases of Acinetobacter schindleri CIP 107287 (as amino acid residues 316-331 of SEQ ID NO. 8 with amino acid residue 319 being leucine and amino acid residue 322 being aspartic acid); Acinetobacter schindleri NIPH 900 (as amino acid residues 316-331 of SEQ ID NO. 86 with amino acid residue 319 being leucine and amino acid residue 322 being aspartic acid; Acinetobacter johnsii SH046 (as amino acid residues 316-331 of SEQ ID NO. 35 with amino acid residue 319 being isoleucine and amino acid residue 322 being aspartic acid); Acinetobacter lwoffii SH145 (as amino acid residues 315-330 of SEQ ID NO. 88 with amino acid residue 318 being isoleucine and amino acid residue 321 being asparagine); Acinetobacter sp NIPH 713 (as amino acid residues 315-330 of SEQ ID NO. 89 with amino acid residue 318 being methionine and amino acid residue 321 being asparagine. This substitution of the valine with alanine has been found to increase fatty acid production rates (and production rates of fatty acid derivatives).

A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 65 may further include sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 5. The start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 65 may be 20 to 31, 24 to 28 or 26 amino acid residues upstream from the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 65. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 65 and sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 5 may include sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 66.

A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 65 may further include sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 51. The start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 51 may be 134-144, 136 to 140 or 138 to 139 amino acid residues upstream from the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 65.

A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 65 may include sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 4. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 65 and sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 4 may include sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 53 or sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 67. The start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 4, 53 or 67 may be 160 to 170, 163 to 168 or 165 to 166 amino acid residues upstream from the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 65.

A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 65 may further include either sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 48. The start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 48, may be 310 to 320, 313 to 316, or 314 to 315 amino acid residues upstream from the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 65. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 65 may include sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 68 or a sub-sequence at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 68, provided that an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA that aligns to amino acid residue 317 of SEQ ID NO. 68 is alanine. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 65 may have SEQ ID NO. 114 or be at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO. 114, provided that an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA that aligns to amino acid residue 317 of SEQ ID NO. 114 is alanine.

In some embodiments, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase includes a sub-sequence SEQ ID. NO. 69, or a sub-sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 69, provided that an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA that aligns to amino acid residue in position 6 of SEQ ID NO. 69 is isoleucine. As will be seen by comparing the sequences, SEQ ID NO. 69 differs from SEQ ID NO. 107 in that the methionine in amino acid residue position 6 of SEQ ID NO. 107 is replaced in SEQ ID NO. 69 with isoleucine. SEQ ID NO. 107 represents a sub-sequence found in a range of naturally-occurring 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases. SEQ ID NO. 107 appears, for example in the naturally-occurring 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases of Acinetobacter schindleri CIP 107287 (as amino acid residues 266-274 of SEQ ID NO. 8 with amino acid residue 268 being valine and amino acid residue 274 being lysine); Acinetobacter schindleri NIPH 900 (as amino acid residues 266-274 of SEQ ID NO. 86 with amino acid residue 268 being valine and amino acid residue 274 being lysine); Acinetobacter johnsii SH046 (as amino acid residues 266-274 of SEQ ID NO. 35 with amino acid residue 268 being valine and amino acid residue 274 being alanine); Acinetobacter lwoffii SH145 (as amino acid residues 265-273 of SEQ ID NO. 88 with amino acid residue 267 being valine and amino acid residue 273 being alanine); Acinetobacter sp NIPH 713 (as amino acid residues 265-273 of SEQ ID NO. 89 with amino acid residue 267 being valine and amino acid residue 273 being alanine). This substitution of the methionine with isoleucine has been found to increase fatty acid production rates (and production rates of fatty acid derivatives).

A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 69 may further include sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 51. The start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 51 may be 85 to 95, 87 to 91 or 88 to 89 amino acid residues upstream from the start of sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 69

A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 69 may further include any or all of sub-sequence SEQ ID NOs. 4, 5 and 6. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 69 and sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 4 may include sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 52 or sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 53. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 69, sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 5 and sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 6 may include sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 46. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequences SEQ ID NO. 69, 4, 5 and 6 may include sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 70.

A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 69 may include sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 48. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that includes sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 69 may include sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 71 or include a sub-sequence at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 80% at least 90% or at least 95% identical to sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 71, provided that an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA that aligns to amino acid residue 271 of SEQ ID NO. 71 is isoleucine. Such a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase may have SEQ ID NO. 115 or be at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 80% at least 90% or at least 95% identical to sub-sequence SEQ ID NO. 115, provided that an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA that aligns to amino acid residue 271 of SEQ ID NO. 115 is isoleucine.

Further Reaction Steps in the Non-Native Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway

The reaction of acyl-CoA with malonyl-CoA produces a 3-ketoacyl-CoA compound that must be reduced to the corresponding acyl compound before it can condense with another molecule of malonyl-CoA to extend the chain. The reduction takes place in three steps, the first being the reduction of the 3-ketoacyl group to the corresponding 3-hydroxyacyl group. The second reaction is a dehydration to the corresponding 3-enoylacyl compound, which is reduced in a third step to the corresponding acyl-CoA. The first reaction step is enzymatically catalyzed by a keto-CoA reductase (KCR) enzyme (EC 1.1.1.35). The second step is enzymatically catalyzed by a 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydratase (3HDh) enzyme (EC 4.2.1.17). Some bifunctional enzymes catalyze both of the first and second step reactions (EC 1.1.1.35 and EC 4.2.1.55). The third reaction step is enzymatically catalyzed by an enoyl-CoA reductase (ECR) enzyme (EC 1.1.1.32).

Accordingly, the genetically modified cell preferably further comprises at least one of (1) a heterologous KCR gene that encodes for a KCR enzyme; (2) a heterologous 3HDh gene that encodes for a 3HDh enzyme; (3) a heterologous gene that encodes for a bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes both of the first and second reaction steps (EC 1.1.1.35 and 4.1.2.55) and (4) a heterologolous ECR gene that encodes for an ECR enzyme. Preferably, the genetically modified cell contains at least (1), (2) and (4) or at least (3) and (4). In each case, the gene preferably is under the control of promoter and/or terminator sequences active in the host cell.

The KCR enzyme may be, for example, one encoded by a P. aeruginosa pafadB gene and/or having an amino acid sequence at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% or 100% identical to SEQ. ID. NO. 103, one encoded by a P. aeruginosa fadG gene and/or having an amino acid sequence at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% or 100% identical to SEQ. ID. NO. 102, one encoded by a C. beijerinckii hbd gene and/or having an amino acid sequence at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% or 100% identical to SEQ. ID. NO. 101, and others as described in WO 2015/010103.

The 3HDh enzyme may be, for example, one encoded by a C. acetobutylicum crt (short-chain-enoyl-CoA hydratase) gene and/or having an amino acid sequence at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% or 100% identical to SEQ. ID. NO. 99, one encoded by a P. putida ech (enoyl-CoA hydratase/aldolase) gene and/or having an amino acid sequence at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% or 100% identical to SEQ. ID. NO. 100, and others as described in WO 2015/010103.

Suitable bifunctional enzymes that catalyse both the first and second reactions steps include, for example, one encoded by an E. coli fadB gene and/or having an amino acid sequence at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% or 100% identical to SEQ. ID. NO. 98; one encoded by an R. novegicus ech2 gene, and others as described in WO 2015/010103.

Suitable ECR enzymes include, for example, one encoded by a T. denticola ter gene and/or having an amino acid sequence at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% or 100% identical to SEQ. ID. NO. 84.

The genetically modified cell of the invention in some embodiments further includes at least one heterologous 3-ketobutyryl-CoA synthase gene, different from the modified 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases described above, which encodes for a 3-ketobutyryl-CoA synthase. The heterologous 3-ketobutyryl-CoA synthase gene may encode for a 3-ketobutyryl-CoA synthase enzyme that is at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% or 100% identical to any of those identified as SEQ ID NOs. 1-120 of WO 2015/10103.

In some embodiments, the heterologous 3-ketobutyryl-CoA synthase gene is a Streptomyces Sp CL190 gene and/or a gene that encodes for an NphT7 enzyme that is at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO. 83.

In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell of the invention includes at least one gene that encodes for a modified NphT7 enzyme as described in WO 2015/10103. The modified NphT7 enzyme comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70% but less than 100% to SEQ ID NO. 83. The modified NphT7 enzyme may have, for example, one or more amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of H100L, I147T, F217V, Y144L, V157F, G309S, G288S, a PDRP to HFLQ substitution for amino acid residues 86-89, I147F, I147M, 1147Q, I147S, I147C, 1147E, I147N, I147W, I147D, I147R, I147P, I147L, V196G, I147G, I147H, I147K, I147V, I147A, I147Y, F217G, F217A, F217L, F217I, F217M, F217T, F217P, F217S, F217E, F217L, F217V, F217W, S323A and S323V, and any combination of any two or more thereof.

In some embodiments, the modified NphT7 enzyme comprises at least one amino acid substitution selected from the group consisting of I147V, I147S, I147T, and at least one additional amino acid substitution selected from H100L, F217V, S323A and S323V. In some embodiments, the modified NphT7 enzyme corresponds to SEQ ID NO. 82. In some embodiments, the modified NphT7 enzyme comprises an I147V, I147S or I147T amino acid substitution and an S323A amino acid substitution (corresponding to SEQ ID NO. 82 in which amino acid 100 is H, amino acid 147 is V, S or T, amino acid 217 is F and amino acid 323 is A). In some embodiment, the modified NphT7 enzyme comprises an H100L substitution, an I147V, I147S or I147T amino acid substitution, an F217V substitution and an S323A amino acid substitution (corresponding to SEQ ID NO. 82 in which amino acid residue 100 is L, amino acid residue 147 is V, S or T, amino acid residue 217 is V and amino acid residue 323 is A).

In certain embodiments, the genetically modified cell of the invention includes both of (1) a Streptomyces Sp CL190 nphT7 gene and/or a gene that encodes for an NphT7 enzyme that is at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO. 83 and (2) a modified NphT7 enzyme having one or more amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of H100L, I147T, F217V, Y144L, V157F, G309S, G288S, a PDRP to HFLQ substitution for amino acid residues 86-89, I147F, I147M, I147Q, I147S, I147C, 1147E, I147N, I147W, I147D, I147R, I147P, I147L, V196G, I147G, I147H, I1147K, I147V, I147A, I147Y, F217G, F217A, F217L, F217I, F217M, F217T, F217P, F217S, F217E, F217L, F217V, F217W, S323A and S323V, and any combination of any two or more thereof. In preferred embodiments, the genetically modified cell includes a gene that encodes for an enzyme having SEQ ID NO. 83 and another gene that encodes for an enzyme having SEQ ID. NO. 82. In especially preferred embodiments, the genetically modified cell includes a gene that encodes for an enzyme having SEQ ID NO. 83 and another gene that encodes for an enzyme having SEQ ID. NO. 82 in which amino acid residue 100 is H or L, amino acid residue 147 is S, T or V, amino acid residue 271 is F or V and amino acid residue 323 is A.

The genetically modified cell of the invention produces one or more enzymes that terminate the acyl elongation cycle and produce a product having the desired chain length. Such a termination enzyme may or may not be heterologous. The selection of termination enzyme may depend on whether the desired product is a fatty acid or a derivative thereof such as a fatty alcohol, a fatty aldehyde, a fatty alkene, a fatty amide, a fatty ester or a fatty alkane.

The cell of the invention in some embodiments includes a heterologous thioesterase gene that encodes for a thioesterase such as an acyl-CoA esterase, in which case the product will be a fatty acid. Suitable thioesterases include those described in Table 11 of WO 2015/101013.

In some embodiments the cell of the invention includes a gene that encodes for an ester synthase, in which case the product typically is a fatty acid ester. Suitable ester synthases have amino acid sequences at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% or at least 100% identical to any of the Marinobacter aquacolei Maq1 enzyme (SEQ ID NO. 289 of WO 2015/10103), the Psychrobacter cryohaloentis Pcry1 enzyme (SEQ ID NO 290 of WO 2015/10103), the Rhodococcus jostii Rjos1 enzyme (SEQ ID NO 291 of WO 2015/10103), the, Alcanivorax borkumensis strain SK2 Abork1 enzyme (SEQ ID NO 292 of WO 2015/10103) and the Hahella chejuensis hche gene (SEQ ID NO. 104). The ester synthase may have an amino acid sequence at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% or at least 100% identical to the Hahella chejuensis Hche ester synthase (SEQ ID NO. 104).

The genetically modified cell of the invention may also include one or more genes that encode for one or more of a fatty acyl-CoA reductase (alcohol or aldehyde forming), a fatty aldehyde reductase, an acyl-ACP reductase, an acyl-CoA:ACP acyltransferase, an acyl-CoA hydrolase, a carboxylic acid reductase, an aldehyde dehydrogenase and/or an acyl-ACP reductase.

The genetically modified cell of the invention also may include (A) one or more genes that encode for a carboxyl transferase subunit a enzyme, (EC 6.3.1.2) such as an E. coli accA enzyme or an enzyme that is at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or at least 99% identical thereto; (B) one or more genes that encode for a biotin carboxyl carrier protein, (EC 6.4.1.2) such as an E. coli accB enzyme or an enzyme that is at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or at least 99% identical thereto; (C) one or more genes that encode for a biotin carboxylase subunit enzyme, (EC 6.3.4.14) such as an E. coli accC enzyme or an enzyme that is at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or at least 99% identical thereto; (D) a carboxyl transferase subunit (3 (EC 6.4.1.2), such as an E. coli accD enzyme or an enzyme that is at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or at least 99% identical thereto, or a combination of any two or more thereof. In some embodiments, all of (A)-(D) are present.

In some embodiments, the genetically modified cell of the invention further comprises one or more additional genetic modifications that fully or partially inhibit the production of one or more of the following enzymes:

Methylglyoxal synthase (EC 4.2.3.3), for example that encoded by the E. coli mgsA gene.

Lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), for example that encoded by the E. coli ldhA gene.

Phosphotransacetylase (EC 2.3.1.8), for example that encoded by the E. coli pta gene.

Acetate kinase (EC 2.7.2.1), for example that encoded by E. coli ackA gene.

Acyl-CoA synthase (EC 6.2.1.3), for example that encoded by the E. coli fadD gene.

Pyruvate formate lyase (EC 2.3.1.54), for example that encoded by the E. coli pflB gene.

Pyruvate oxidase (EC 1.2.2.2), for example that encoded by the E. coli poxB gene.

Fused acetaldehyde-CoA dehydrogense (EC 1.2.1.10).

Trigger factor (EC 5.2.1.8), for example that encoded by the E. coli tig gene.

Restriction endonuclease (EC 3.1.21.3), for example that encoded by the E. coli hsdr514 gene.

The atoDAEB operon.

Acyl-CoA thioesterase (EC 3.1.2.-), for example that encoded by the E. coli tesB or yciA gene.

Acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.8.7), for example that encoded by the E. coli fadE gene.

3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (EC 2.3.1.16), for example that encoded by the E. coli fadA gene.

L-ribulokinase (EC2.7.1.16), for example that encoded by the E. coli araB gene.

L-ribulose-5-phosphate-4-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.4), for example that encoded by the E. coli araD gene.

Beta-D-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23), for example that encoded by the E. coli lacZ gene.

Lambda phase lysogen.

Rhamnulose-1-phosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.19), for example that encoded by the E. coli rhaD gene.

Rhamnulokinase (EC 2.7.1.5), for example that encoded by the E. coli rhaB gene.

F mating factor.

Rph-1 gene.

Other genetic modifications may be present in the cell, including any of those described in WO 2015/10103.

Any heterologous gene may be operatively linked to a promoter and/or terminator sequence that is functional in the host strain. The promoter may be an inducible promoter that functions only under certain conditions. For example, a low phosphate inducible promoter such as the promoter of the wild-type E. coli phoE gene (PphoE) promoter) is a useful promoter for the 3-ketoacyl synthase gene. Such a promoter is active in a low phosphate environment. Accordingly, a microorganism in which the 3-ketoacyl synthase gene of the invention is under the control of an E. coli phoE promoter or another low phosphate inducible promoter may be cultivated in a fermentation medium containing no more than 25 mM phosphate, especially no more than 20 mM, no more than 2 mM, no more than 1 mM, no more than 0.5 mM, or no more than 0.25 mM phosphate).

Any heterologous gene may be integrated into the genome of the host strain and/or present in one or more plasmids. If integrated into the genome, the heterologous gene may be inserted at a targeted or random location. Transformation methods such as electroporation and chemical methods (including calcium chloride and/or lithium acetate methods) known in the art are suitable. Examples of suitable transformation methods are described, for example, in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 4^(th) Ed. Spring Harbor Press 2012. In general, no special transformation methods are necessary to produce the genetically modified cells of the invention.

Deletions and/or disruptions of native genes can be performed by transformation methods, by mutagenesis and/or by forced evolution methods. In mutagenesis methods, cells are exposed to ultraviolet radiation or a mutagenic substance, under conditions sufficient to achieve a high kill rate (60-99.9%, preferably 90-99.9%) of the cells. Surviving cells are then plated and selected or screened for cells having the deleted or disrupted metabolic activity. Disruption or deletion of the desired native gene(s) can be confirmed through PCR or Southern analysis methods.

The genetically modified cells described herein are used to produce compounds having a straight-chain alkyl group. The cells are grown under conditions such that they produce such compounds, and the compounds are recovered.

When the host cell is a plant cell, the plant can be grown and the compound having the straight-chain alkyl group can be recovered from the plant or any portion thereof, such as roots, stems, leaves, flowers, seeds, seed pods and the like, in which the compound accumulates during the growth of the plant.

Single-cell and other microcells of the invention can be used in a culturing process to produce such compounds.

Culturing is performed generally by forming a culture medium that includes at least one carbon source that is capable of being metabolized by the cell to produce the product compounds and nutrients as may be required by the specific cell. The nutrients may include, for example, at least one nitrogen source such as yeast extract, peptone, tryptone, soy flour, corn steep liquor, or casein, at least one phosphorus source, one or more vitamins such as biotin, vitamin B12 and derivatives of vitamin B12, thiamin, pantothenate, one or more trace metals and the like. The fermentation medium may also contain additional materials such as anti-foam agents, biocides, buffers and the like.

In some cases, such as the production of fatty acid esters, the culture medium may also include a reagent that reacts with the straight-chain compound to produce the desired product. In the specific case of fatty acid esters, for example the culture medium preferably contains an alkanol such as methanol, ethanol or a C3-C8 alkanol. The alkanol reacts to produce the corresponding ester. A native or heterologous ester synthase, or other appropriate enzyme, may be expressed by the cell to catalyze such a reaction.

Generally, the culture medium is inoculated with the cell of the invention, and the inoculum is cultured in the medium so that the cell density increases to a cell density suitable for production. The culture medium is then maintained at conditions sufficient for the cells to produce the desired product.

Suitable culture conditions will of course depend on requirement of the particular host strain. The temperature of the culture medium may be, for example from 20° C. to 70° C., with a temperature of 25 to 40° C. being preferred for most cells.

The pH of the culture medium may be, for example, from 2.0 to 10.0, from 3.0 to 9.0 or from 6.0 to pH 8.5.

It is contemplated that embodiments of the present invention may be practiced using either batch, fed-batch or continuous processes and that any known mode of bio-production would be suitable.

The culturing may be performed under aerobic, microaerobic, or anaerobic conditions, as required or can be tolerated by the particular cell.

Generally, no special culturing equipment is needed to perform the fermentation. The equipment may include, for example, a tank suitable for holding the cell and the culture medium; a line for discharging contents from the culture tank to an extraction and/or separation vessel; and an extraction and/or separation vessel suitable for removal of the chemical product from cell culture waste.

The carbon source is one or more carbon-containing compounds that can be metabolized by the cell of the invention as a source of carbon. Examples of suitable carbon sources include sugars such as glucose, sucrose, fructose, lactose, C-5 sugars such as xylose and arabinose, glycerol and polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose. Other suitable carbon sources include fermentable sugars as may be obtained from cellulosic and lignocellulosic biomass through processes of pretreatment and saccharification, as described, for example, in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2007/0031918A1, hemicellulose, lignin, starch, oligosaccharides and/or monosaccharides. Other suitable carbon sources include high-fructose corn syrup, cheese whey permeate, cornsteep liquor, sugar beet molasses, and barley malt. Still other suitable carbon sources include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methanol, methylamine and glucosamine.

The culturing process may be continued until a titer of the desired product reaches at least 0.01, at least 0.05, at least 0.1, at least 0.25, at least 0.5 or at least 1 g per liter of culture medium (g/L). The fermentation process may be continued until the titer reaches, for example, up to 40, up to 45, up to 50, up to 80, up to 100, or up to 120 g/L. The specific productivity may be, for example, from 0.01 and 0.60 grams of the desired product per gram of cells on a dry weight basis per hour (g chemical product/g DCW-hr). The volumetric productivity achieved may be at least 0.005 g of the desired product per liter per hour (g/L-hr), at least 0.01 g/L-hr, at least 0.1 g/L-hr or at least 0.5 g/L-hr, and may be up to, for example, 10 g/L-hr, up to 5 g/L-hr or up to 1 g/L-hr. [0212] In some embodiments, specific productivity as measured over a 24-hour fermentation (culture) period may be greater than about 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0 or 12.0 grams of chemical product per gram DCW of cells (based on the final DCW at the end of the 24-hour period).

The following examples are provided to illustrate the invention, but are not intended to limit the scope thereof. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.

EXAMPLES

The following host E. coli strains are used in the following examples as indicated.

Host Strain 1 is a mutant of the E. coli strain designated BW25113, available from the E. coli Genetic Strain Center (CGSC #7636; Dept. of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.), having the following additional genetic modifications:

Designation Description ΔldhA::frt Deletion of native lactate dehydrogenase ΔpflB::frt Deletion of native pyruvate formate lyase ΔmgsA::frt Deletion of methylglyoxal synthase ΔpoxB::frt Deletion of pyruvate oxidase Δpta-ack::frt Deletion of phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase Δtig:frt Deletion of trigger factor protein ΔatoDAEB::frt Deletion to disrupt short-chain poly-(R)- 3-hydroxybutyrate synthesis ΔfadD::frt Deletion of native acyl-CoA synthase ΔtesB::frt Deletion of native thioesterase ΔyciA:frt Deletion of native thioesterase fabI(ts)_zeo Insertion of E. coli fabI gene encoding a protein having SEQ ID NO 85, except the serine at position 241 replaced by phenylalanine (S241F modification) and a zeomyin resistance marker at the 3′ end and deletion of the wildtype fabI gene.

Host Strain 2 is a mutant of the BW 25113 E. coli strain with the following additional genetic modifications:

Designation Description ΔldhA::frt Deletion of native lactate dehydrogenase Δpf1B::frt Deletion of native pyruvate formate lyase ΔmgsA::frt Deletion of methylglyoxal synthase ΔpoxB::frt Deletion of pyruvate oxidase Δpta-ack::frt Deletion of phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase Δtig:frt Deletion of trigger factor protein ΔatoDAEB::frt Deletion to disrupt short-chain poly-(R)- 3-hydroxybutyrate synthesis ΔfadD::frt Deletion of native acyl-CoA synthase ΔtesB::frt Deletion of native thioesterase ΔyciA:Irt Deletion of native thioesterase Δadhe Deletion of native aldehyde-alcohol dehydrogenase fabI(ts) Insertion of modified E. coli fabI gene encoding an enzyme having SEQ ID NO. 85, with the serine at position 241 replaced by phenylalanine (S241F modification), and deletion of the wildtype fabI gene P_(pstsIH)-nphT7- Insertion of a gene encoding for ter-TT-loxP Streptomyces Sp. CL190 acetoacetyl-CoA synthase (NphT7, SEQ. ID. NO. 83) and a gene encoding for Treponema denticola enoyl-CoA reductase (ter, SEQ. ID. NO. 84) under control of E. coli pstsIH promoter and an E. coli terminator at locus of native adhE gene

Host Strain 3 is a mutant of the BW 25113 E. coli strain with the following genetic modifications:

Designation Description ΔldhA::frt Deletion of native lactate dehydrogenase ΔpflB::frt Deletion of native pyruvate formate lyase ΔmgsA::frt Deletion of methylglyoxal synthase ΔpoxB::frt Deletion of pyruvate oxidase Δpta-ack::frt Deletion of phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase Δtig:frt Deletion of trigger factor protein ΔatoDAEB::frt Deletion to disrupt short-chain poly-(R)-3- hydroxybutyrate synthesis ΔfadD::frt Deletion of native acyl-CoA synthase ΔtesB::frt Deletion of native thioesterase ΔyciA:frt Deletion of native thioesterase Δadhe Deletion of native aldehyde-alcohol dehydrogenase P_(pstsIH)-nphT7- Insertion of a gene encoding for Streptomyces Sp. CL190 ter-TT-loxP acetoacetyl-CoA synthase (NphT7, SEQ. ID. NO. 83) and a gene encoding for Treponema denticola enoyl-CoA reductase (ter, SEQ. ID. NO. 84) under control of E. coli pstsIH promoter and an E. coli terminator at locus of native adhE gene Production of 3-Ketoacyl-CoA Synthase Genes and Mutants

3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase genes are synthesized based on published sequence information for various wild type 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase genes. Site-specific mutants of the synthesized 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase genes are generated by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. The sources of the wild-type genes and the short-hand designations used herein for each of them and the amino acid sequence of the native enzyme produced by the wild-type genes are as follows:

Enzyme Encoded Source Species Designation (wild-type strain) Acinetobacter schindleri CIP 107287 Asch SEQ ID NO. 8 Acinetobacter schindleri NIPH 900 Asch-2 SEQ ID NO. 86 Acinetobacter johnsonii SH046 Ajoh-2 SEQ ID NO. 35 Acinetobacter lwoffii SH145 Alwo SEQ ID NO. 88 Acinetobacter sp. NIPH 713 ANIP71 SEQ ID NO. 89 Pseudomonas stutzeri ATCC 17588 Pstu SEQ ID NO. 90 Alishewanella agri BL06 Aagr SEQ ID NO. 91

In each case, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase gene is fused to a DNA sequence encoding a protein fragment containing 6 histidine residues and a protease recognization site, and incorporated into a pET plasmid having a ColE1 origin of replication and a kanamycin resistance marker.

Mutations to the amino acid residues encoded by the wild-type genes are designated herein by the shorthand designation for the wild-type strain, followed in parenthesis by a 3-, 4- or 5 character code consisting of a first letter designating the amino acid residue in the native enzyme, a 1-, 2- or 3-digit number indicating the position of that amino acid residue in the native enzyme, and a final letter designating the amino acid residue in that position in the mutated enzyme. The single-letter designations are IUPAC amino acid abbreviations as reported, for example, at Eur. J. Biochem. 138:9-37(1984). For example, the designation “Asch(T184I)” indicates that a threonine (T) at amino acid residue position 184 in the wild type Acinetobacter schindleri CIP 107287 enzyme has been replaced with an isoleucine (I).

Production of Multiply-Mutated 3-Ketoacyl-CoA Synthase Genes.

Multi-mutated genes are prepared from wild-type or mutated (parent) 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase genes using error-prone PCR as the mutagenic method. Error-prone PCR of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase gene is carried out using primers having SEQ ID NO. 94 and SEQ ID NO. 95 and EconoTaq DNA polymerase (Lucigen) with the thermocyling program: 94° C. 2 min, 30×[94° C. 20 s, 55° C. 20 s, 72° C. 72 s], 72° C. 10 min, 4° C. hold. In addition, error-prone PCR reactions contain 50, 100, 150 or 200 M MnCl₂. PCR fragments are purified with the DNA Clean and Concentrator kit (Zymo Research), digested with DpnI at 37° C. for 1 h, and purified again. The plasmid and insert are assembled using 2×HiFi Assembly Master Mix, a two-fold molar excess of insert to plasmid and incubation at 50° C. for 1 h.

The amino acid sequences of the gene produced by multiply-mutated genes are designated by a shorthand as described above, with the mutations listed sequentially. For example, “Asch(T184I,S328V)” indicates that a threonine (T) at amino acid residue position 184 in the wild type Acinetobacter schindleri CIP 107287 enzyme has been replaced with an isoleucine (I) and a serine at position 328 has been replaced with valine.

Production of Mutant E. coli Strains

Mutant E. coli strains are prepared using standard electroporation methods. In each case, the host strain is transformed with a “Type 1” plasmid and a “Type 2” plasmid as described below.

Type 1 plasmids are pACYC plasmids containing the p15a origin of replication and chloramphenicol resistance marker. The Type 1 plasmids used in the following examples are:

Type 1A: this plasmid includes a mutated Streptomyces sp. nphT7 gene encoding for a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase having H100L, I147S, F217V and S323A mutations (the “LSVA” NphT7 mutant, SEQ ID NO. 82), an E. coli bifunctional 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/dehydratase (fadB) gene and a T. denticola enoyl-CoA (ter) gene cassette, all under a native E. coli pstsIH promoter and a native E. coli terminator. This plasmid also contains a Hahella chejuensis ester synthase gene fused to a DNA sequence encoding a protein fragment containing 6 histidine residues and a protease recognition site under an E. coli phoE promoter, and an ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) cassette including fused E. coli accA and accD genes with a E. coli tpiA promoter and a cassette including the E. coli accB and E. coli accC genes under an E. coli rpiA promoter.

Type 1B: this plasmid includes a mutated Streptomyces sp. gene encoding for an nphT7 enzyme having I147S and F217V modifications (the “SV” NphT7 mutant, SEQ ID NO. 96) and a T. denticola enoyl-CoA (ter) gene cassette, under a native E. coli psts1H promoter and a native E. coli terminator. The plasmid further contains an E. coli bifunctional 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/dehydratase (fadB) gene under a native E. coli psts1H promoter; and a Hahella chejuensis ester synthase gene fused to a DNA sequence encoding a protein fragment containing 6 histidine residues and a protease recognition site under an E. coli phoE promoter.

Plasmid type 2A includes a ColE1 origin of replication, a kanamycin resistance marker and the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase gene to be evaluated (fused to a DNA sequence that encodes an N-terminal protein fragment containing 6 histidine residues and a protease recognition site unless indicated otherwise) under an E. coli promoter and an E. coli terminator. The E. coli promoter is either the promoter for the native pstS gene (Ppsts1H promoter) or that for the native phoE gene (PphoE promoter), the latter of which is a low phosphate inducible type. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase and the promoter for the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase gene are as indicated in the specific examples below.

Plasmid 2B includes a ColE1 origin of replication, a kanamycin resistance marker and the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase gene to be evaluated (in some cases without the His-tag) under the Ppsts1H (SEQ ID NO. 118) or PphoE promoter (SEQ ID NO. 117) and an E. coli terminator. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase and the promoter for its gene are as indicated in the specific examples below.

Small-Scale Fermentation Method

A culture of synthetic medium containing salts, glucose, NH₄Cl, and supplemented with vitamins, yeast extract, 35 μg/ml kanamycin and 20 μg/ml chloramphenicol is inoculated with the strain to be tested and grown overnight at 30° C. The OD₆₀₀ of a 1:10 dilution of this culture is determined, and a volume of the original culture corresponding to 8 OD units is centrifuged and the supernatant discarded. The pelleted cells are resuspended thoroughly in 4 mL fresh medium containing, 30 g/L glucose, 0.158 mM phosphate (low phosphate medium), 1% (V/V) methanol (to produce fatty acid methyl esters) or ethanol (to produce fatty acid ethyl esters), chloramphenicol, and kanamycin as above, and 1-ml aliquots dispensed into triplicate 16-mm glass tubes containing 64 μL of heptadecane or methyl tetradecanoate. This represents a limited phosphate medium that promotes the activity of a low phosphate inducible promoter such as the E. coli PphoE promoter (SEQ ID NO. 117). The tubes are incubated at 30° C., 250 rpm for 4 hours. The incubation temperature is then raised to 37° C. and incubation is continued for a further 20 hours. The entire culture is extracted with methyl tert-butyl ether and the extract analyzed for fatty acid esters by gas chromatography.

Small-Scale Fermentation Method Used for Examples 80-116

A culture of synthetic medium containing salts, glucose, NH₄Cl, and supplemented with vitamins, yeast extract, 35 μg/ml kanamycin and 20 μg/ml chloramphenicol is inoculated with the strain to be tested and grown overnight at 32° C. The OD₆₀₀ of a 1:10 dilution of this culture is determined in order to inoculate a Seed 2 flask to a final OD₆₀₀ of 0.3. Seed 2 flasks contain 25-30 ml synthetic medium containing salts, glucose, NH₄Cl, and supplemented with vitamins, yeast extract, 35 g/ml kanamycin and 20 μg/ml chloramphenicol, 0-2% methanol. Seed 2 flasks are incubated at 32° C. for 6-7 hours.

The OD₆₀₀ of a 1:10 dilution of this culture is determined in order to inoculate a production flask to a final OD₆₀₀ of 0.01-0.025. Production flasks contain 25 ml synthetic medium containing salts, glucose, NH₄Cl, and supplemented with vitamins, yeast extract, 35 μg/ml kanamycin and 20 μg/ml chloramphenicol, 1.25-2.5 mM phosphate, 0-2% methanol, 3-6 g/l glucose, 15-40 g/l glycerol. This represents a limited phosphate medium that promotes the activity of a low phosphate inducible promoter such as the E. coli PphoE promoter (SEQ ID NO. 117). Production flasks are incubated at 32° C. When phosphate is depleted the following additions are made: 2 ml methyl myristate, 1 ml 12.5% tween 80, 1-1.25 ml 50% glycerol. Methanol (0-0.5 ml) is added at the beginning of the production assay or right after phosphate depletion. Additional methanol can be added after phosphate depletion to compensate for methanol evaporation. Flasks are incubated at 35° C. for a further 24 hours. Samples at 24 hours are taken and extracted with 0.1% HCL in MTBE (Methyl tert butyl ether) and the extracts are analyzed for fatty acid esters by gas chromatography.

Small-Scale Fermentation Method Used for Examples 117-148

A shallow 96-well plate of synthetic medium containing salts, glucose, NH₄Cl, and supplemented with vitamins, yeast extract, 35 μg/ml kanamycin and 20 μg/ml chloramphenicol is inoculated with the strain to be tested and grown overnight at 30° C. The culture from the shallow 96-well plate is used to inoculate a deep well production plate with 2-3 μl per well. Each well of the production plate contains 400 μl synthetic medium containing salts, glucose, NH₄Cl, and supplemented with vitamins, 35 μg/ml kanamycin and 20 μg/ml chloramphenicol, 1.25 mM phosphate, 2% methanol, 3 g/l glucose, 30 g/l glycerol. This represents a limited phosphate medium that promotes the activity of a low phosphate inducible promoter such as the E. coli PphoE promoter (SEQ ID NO. 117). Production plates are incubated at 32° C. When phosphate is depleted, 26 μl methyl myristate is added to each well. Plates are incubated at 35° C. for a further 20 hours. Samples at 20 hours are taken and diluted with acetonitrile and analyzed for fatty acid esters by gas chromatography.

Examples 1-15 and Comparative Samples A-C-Asch(T184I) Variants

Mutant E. coli strain Examples 1 and 2 contain a modified Asch gene encoding a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase Asch(T184I) (SEQ ID NO. 9). Comparative Samples A and B contain the wild-type gene (encoding for SEQ ID NO. 8). Details of strain construction are as follows:

Plasmid 3-ketoacyl- Desig- Host Plasmid NphT7 2 CoA synthase nation Strain 1 Type mutant Type Promoter Mutant Ex. 1 1 1B SV 2A PpstsIH Asch(T184I) Comp. A* 1 1B SV 2A PpstsIH wt Asch Ex. 2 2 1A LSVA 2A PphoE Asch(T184I) Comp. B* 2 1A LSVA 2A PphoE wt Asch *Not an example of this invention.

Each of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Samples are cultured to produce fatty acid methyl esters using the small-scale method described above. Total fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and amounts of C6, C8 and C10 fatty acid esters produced are as indicated in the following table. Selectivities to C8 and C10 fatty acid esters are indicated under the respective “%” columns; these are calculated as the titer of the C8 or C10 fatty acid ester over the total fatty acid ester production. Amounts of higher- and lower-carbon number fatty acid esters are not shown separately, but are included in the total FAME production value indicated.

Total C6 C8 C10 3-ketoacyl- FAME pro- pro- pro- Desig- CoA production duction duction duction nation synthase (g/L) g/L) g/L % g/L % Ex. 1 Asch(T184I) 1.17 0.21 0.75 64.1 0.22 18.5 Comp. A* Wt** Asch 1.43 0.15 0.01 <1 1.27 88.5 Ex. 2 Asch(T184I) 1.21 0.35 0.68 56.2 0.14 11.4 Comp. B* Wt** Asch 2.13 0.27 0.07 3.1 1.75 82.1 *Not an example of this invention. **“Wt” in this and subsequent tables indicates the wildtype enzyme.

The wildtype Asch enzyme produces about 82% C10 fatty acid methyl esters, with minimal amounts of the C8 esters. By changing the threonine at position 184 to isoleucine, production is shifted from almost exclusively C10 fatty acid esters to mainly C8 fatty acid esters, with some increased selectivity toward C6 fatty acid esters also being seen. The mutant strain Examples 1 and 2 are useful for producing a mixture of fatty acid esters enriched in the C8 esters.

Mutant E. coli strain Examples 3-5 similarly contain a modified Asch gene encoding a mutated 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (Asch(T184L), Asch(T184M) or Asch(T184V)). Comparative Sample C again contains the wild-type gene. Details of strain construction are as follows:

Plasmid 3-ketoacyl- Desig- Host Plasmid NphT7 2 CoA synthase nation Strain 1 Type mutant Type Promoter Mutant Ex. 3 1 1B SV 2A PpstsIH Asch(T184L) Ex. 4 1 1B SV 2A PpstsIH Asch(T184M) Ex. 5 1 1B SV 2A PpstsIH Asch(T184V) Comp. C* 1 1B SV 2A PpstsIH wt Asch *Not an example of this invention.

Each of Examples 3-5 and Comparative Sample C are cultivated to produce fatty acid ethyl esters using the small-scale method described above. Total fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) and amounts of C6, C8 and C10 fatty acid esters produced are as indicated in the following table, as are selectivities to C8 and C10 fatty acid esters. Amounts of higher- and lower-carbon number fatty acid esters are not shown separately, but are included in the total FAEE production value indicated.

Total C10 3-ketoacyl- FAEE C6 CoA production production C8 production production Designation synthase (g/L) g/L) g/L % g/L % Ex. 3 Asch(T184L) 0.88 0.30 0.22 24.4 0.37 41.6 Ex. 4 Asch(T184M) 0.75 0.51 0.23 30.1 0.01 1.7 Ex. 5 Asch(T184V) 1.05 0.19 0.51 48.2 0.36 33.9 Comp. C wt Asch 1.22 0.13 0.01 0.7 1.09 88.7 *Not an example of this invention.

As seen above with Comparative Samples A and B, the wildtype Asch enzyme leads to mainly C10 fatty acid ester production. The T184L, T184M and T184V variations all shift production from C10 fatty acid esters to mainly C6 and C8 fatty acid esters. The T184M variation in Example 4 reduces C10 fatty acid ester production to less than 2%. Selectivity to C8 fatty acid esters is almost 50% for the T184V variation.

Mutant E. coli strains Examples 6-15 similarly contain a mutated Asch gene encoding a mutated 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase with multiple mutations as indicated in the following table. Details of strain construction are as follows:

Desig- Host Plasmid NphT7 Plasmid 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase nation Strain 1 Type mutant 2 Type Promoter Mutant Ex. 6 1 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Asch(N152T, T184I) Ex. 7 1 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Asch(N152L, T184I) Ex. 8 1 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Asch(N152M, T184I) Ex. 9 1 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Asch(N152C, T184I) Ex. 10 1 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Asch(A69V, T184I, S328G) Ex. 11 1 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Asch(G111C, T184I, S328G) Ex. 12 1 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Asch(D39V, T184I, S328G) Ex. 13 1 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Asch(D39V, G111C, T184I, S328G) Ex. 14 2 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Asch(T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G) Ex. 15 2 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Asch(T184I, V268A, K278R, S328G)

Each of Examples 6-15 are cultivated to produce fatty acid methyl esters using the small-scale method described above. Total fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and amounts of C6, C8 and C10 fatty acid esters produced are as indicated in the following table, as are selectivities to C8 and C10 fatty acid esters. Amounts of higher- and lower-carbon number fatty acid esters are not shown separately, but are included in the total FAME production value indicated.

Total FAME C6 C8 C10 3-ketoacyl-CoA production production production production Designation synthase (g/L) g/L) g/L % g/L % Ex. 6 Asch(N152T, T184I) 0.91 0.11 0.53 58.2 0.27 29.3 Ex. 7 Asch(N152L, T184I) 0.41 0.12 0.23 57.3 0.05 12.2 Ex. 8 Asch(N152M, T184I) 1.01 0.12 0.57 56.3 0.33 32.2 Ex. 9 Asch(N152C, T184I) 0.69 0.06 0.39 56.8 0.20 28.3 Ex. 10 Asch(A69V, T184I, 0.67 0.04 0.53 79.7 0.05 7.5 S328G) Ex. 11 Asch(G111C, T184I, 0.58 0.05 0.45 78.1 0.03 5.7 S328G) Ex. 12 Asch(D39V, T184I, 0.61 0.04 0.48 79.6 0.04 7.0 S328G) Ex. 13 Asch(D39V, G111C, 0.60 0.08 0.44 74.3 0.03 4.7 T184I, S328G) Ex. 14 Asch(T184I, V268A, 1.033 0.04 0.84 79.8 0.12 13.2 V296A, S328G) Ex. 15 Asch(T184I, V268A, 1.375 0.01 0.96 67.2 0.37 29.4 K278R, S328G)

As this data shows, the multiply-mutated enzymes that contain the T184 mutations all shift production away from C10 fatty acid esters to mainly C8 fatty acid esters. Mutated enzymes having the S328G variation are especially selective toward C8 fatty acid esters in this evaluation, with selectivities approaching 80%.

Examples 16-18 and Comparative Sample D-Asch-2 Variants

Mutant E. coli strain Examples 16-18 contain a modified Asch-2 gene encoding a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (Asch-2(T184M), Asch-2(T184V) and Asch-2(T184I), SEQ ID NOs. 22-24, respectively). Comparative Sample D contains the wild-type gene (encoding for SEQ ID NO. 86). Details of strain construction are as follows:

3-ketoacyl- Desig- Host Plasmid NphT7 Plasmid 2 CoA synthase nation Strain 1 Type mutant Type Promoter Mutant Comp. Host 1 1 A LSVA 2A PpstsIH wt Asch- D* 2 Ex. 16 Host 1 1 A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Asch-2 (T184M) Ex. 17 Host 1 1 A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Asch-2 (T184V) Ex. 18 Host 1 1 A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Asch-2 (T184I)

Each of Examples 16-18 and Comparative Sample D is cultivated to produce fatty acid methyl esters using the small-scale method described above. Total fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and amounts of C6, C8 and C10 fatty acid esters produced are as indicated in the following table, as are selectivities to C8 and C10 fatty acid esters. Amounts of higher- and lower-carbon number fatty acid esters are not shown separately, but are included in the total FAEE production value indicated.

Total FAME C6 C8 C10 3-ketoacyl- production production production production Designation CoA synthase (g/L) g/L) g/L % g/L % Comp. D* wt Asch-2 2.75 0.03 0 0 2.66 96.7 Ex. 16 Asch-2 0.82 0.30 0.36 44.0 0.11 13.8 (T184M) Ex. 17 Asch-2 1.66 0.07 0.57 34.1 0.97 58.7 (T184V) Ex. 18 Asch-2 2.29 0.05 0.72 31.2 1.47 64.2 (T184I) *Not an example of this invention.

The wildtype Asch-2 gene produces C10 fatty acid esters almost exclusively. The T184 variations all shift production from C10 fatty acid esters towards C6 and C8 fatty acid esters. Selectivity to C8 fatty acid esters is increased from zero to about 30-45% with these modifications to the Asch-2 gene.

Examples 19-22 and Comparative Sample E—Alwo Variants

Mutant E. coli strain Examples 19-22 contain a modified Alwo gene encoding a mutated 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (Alwo(T184L), Alwo(T184M), Alwo(T184V) and Alwo(T184I), SEQ ID NOs. 26-29, respectively). Comparative Sample E contains the 5 wild-type gene (encoding for SEQ ID NO. 88). Details of strain construction are as follows:

Plasmid 3-ketoacyl- Desig- Host Plasmid NphT7 2 CoA synthase nation Strain 1 Type mutant Type Promoter Mutant Comp. E* 1 1B SV 2A PpstsIH wt Alwo Ex. 19 1 1B SV 2A PpstsIH Alwo(T184L) Ex. 20 1 1B SV 2A PpstsIH Alwo(T184M) Ex. 21 1 1B SV 2A PpstsIH Alwo(T184V) Ex. 22 1 1B SV 2A PpstsIH Alwo(T184I)

Each of Examples 19-22 and Comparative Sample E are cultivated to produce fatty acid ethyl esters using the small-scale method described above. Total fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) and amounts of C6, C8 and C10 fatty acid esters produced are as indicated in the following table, as are selectivities to C8 and C10 fatty acid esters. Amounts of higher- and lower-carbon number fatty acid esters are not shown separately, but are included in the total FAEE production value indicated.

3-ketoacyl- Total FAEE C6 C8 C10 CoA production production production production Designation synthase (g/L) g/L) g/L % g/L % Comp. E* wt Alwo 0.95 0.05 0.00 0 0.89 93.7 Ex. 19 Alwo(T184L) 0.73 0.31 0.20 27.7 0.22 29.6 Ex. 20 Alwo(T184M) 0.69 0.46 0.22 31.2 0.01 1.42 Ex. 21 Alwo(T184V) 1.27 0.11 0.40 31.2 0.76 60.0 Ex. 22 Alwo(T184I) 0.85 0.19 0.53 61.8 0.13 15.5 *Not an example of this invention.

The effect of the T184 variations in the Alwo enzyme is similar to those seen in the Asch and Asch-2 mutations. Whereas the wildtype Alwo enzyme produces over 90% C10 fatty acid esters and no C8 fatty acid esters, the T184L, M, V and I variations all shift production toward C6 and C8 fatty acid esters. The T184M and T184I variations are particularly effective in this regard, with C10 fatty acid ester selectivity being reduced to below 20% in each of those cases and C8 fatty acid ester selectivity exceeding 60% in the T184I case.

Examples 23-26 and Comparative Sample F—Ajoh-2 Variants

Mutant E. coli strain Examples 23-26 contain a modified Ajoh-2 gene encoding a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (Ajoh-2(T184L), Ajoh-2(T184M), Ajoh-2(T184V) and Ajoh-2(T184I), SEQ ID NOs. 36-39, respectively). Comparative Sample F contains the wild-type gene (encoding for SEQ ID NO. 35). Details of strain construction are as follows:

3-ketoacyl- Desig- Host Plasmid NphT7 Plasmid 2 CoA synthase nation Strain 1 Type mutant Type Promoter Mutant Comp. F* 1 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH wt Ajoh-2 Ex. 23 1 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Ajoh-2 (T184L) Ex. 24 1 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Ajoh-2 (T184M) Ex. 25 1 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Ajoh-2 (T184V) Ex. 26 1 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Ajoh-2 (T184I)

Each of Examples 23-26 and Comparative Sample F are cultivated to produce fatty acid methyl esters using the small-scale method described above. Total fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and amounts of C6, C8 and C10 fatty acid esters produced are as indicated in the following table, as are selectivities to C8 and C10 fatty acid esters. Amounts of higher- and lower-carbon number fatty acid esters are not shown separately, but are included in the total FAEE production value indicated.

Total 3-ketoacyl- FAME C6 C8 CoA production production production C10 production Designation synthase (g/L) g/L) g/L % g/L % Comp. F* wt Ajoh-2 2.65 0.09 0.00 0.0 2.50 96.0 Ex. 23 Ajoh-2 0.90 0.10 0.17 19.3 0.57 63.9 (T184L) Ex. 24 Ajoh-2 0.60 0.28 0.23 38.4 0.04 6.6 (T184M) Ex. 25 Ajoh-2 2.38 0.15 0.59 24.9 1.58 66.3 (T184V) Ex. 26 Ajoh-2 0.97 0.12 0.39 39.9 0.42 43.4 (T184I) *Not an example of the invention.

The same general pattern is seen with the Ajoh-2 gene modifications. The high selectivity of the wildtype gene to C10 fatty acid ester production is shifted toward C6 and C8 fatty acid ester production. The T184M and T184I variations are particularly effective in this regard. The T184V variation results in a large increase of overall productivity compared to the T184L, M and I variations.

Examples 27-29 and Comparative Sample G—ANIP71 Variants

Mutant E. coli strain Examples 27-29 contain a modified ANIP71 gene encoding a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (ANIP71(T184M), ANIP71(T184V) and ANIP71(T184I), SEQ ID NOs. 32, 34 and 31, respectively). Comparative Sample G contains the wild-type gene (encoding for SEQ ID NO. 89). Details of strain construction are as follows:

3-ketoacyl- Desig- Host Plasmid NphT7 Plasmid 2 CoA synthase nation Strain 1 Type mutant Type Promoter Mutant Comp. G* 1 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH wt ANIP71 Ex. 27 1 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH ANIP71 (T184M) Ex. 28 1 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH ANIP71 (T184V) Ex. 29 1 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH ANIP71 (T184I)

Each of Examples 27-29 and Comparative Sample G are cultivated to produce fatty acid methyl esters using the small-scale method described above. Total fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and amounts of C6, C8 and C10 fatty acid esters produced are as indicated in the following table, as are selectivities to C8 and C10 fatty acid esters. Amounts of higher- and lower-carbon number fatty acid esters are not shown separately, but are included in the total FAME production value indicated.

Total 3-ketoacyl- FAME C6 C8 C10 CoA production production production production Designation synthase (g/L) g/L) g/L % g/L % Comp. G* wt ANIP71 2.71 0.04 0 0 2.61 96.5 Ex. 27 ANIP71 0.49 0.27 0.15 30.1 0.03 6.1 (T184M) Ex. 28 ANIP71 2.46 0.10 0.58 23.4 1.72 70.0 (T184V) Ex. 29 ANIP71 0.21 0.04 0.10 47.8 0.03 14.2 (T184I) *Not an example of the invention.

As before, the T184 variations all shift production from C10 fatty acid esters towards C8 fatty acid esters, with the T184M and T184I variations being particularly effective. The T184V variation results in a large increase of overall productivity compared with the T184M and T184I variations. The T184I variation exhibits the highest selectivity to C8 fatty acid esters.

Examples 30-31 and Comparative Sample H—Pstu Variants

Mutant E. coli strain Examples 30-31 contain a modified Pstu gene encoding a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (Pstu(C186M) and Pstu(C186I), respectively, SEQ ID NO. 40, with position 186 being M and I, respectively). Comparative Sample H contains the wild-type gene (encoding for SEQ ID NO. 90). Details of strain construction are as follows:

Plasmid 3-ketoacyl- Desig- Host Plasmid NphT7 2 CoA synthase nation Strain 1 Type mutant Type Promoter Mutant Comp. H* 1 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH wt Pstu Ex. 30 1 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Pstu (C186M) Ex. 31 1 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Pstu (C186I)

Each of Examples 30-31 and Comparative Sample H are cultivated to produce fatty acid methyl esters using the small-scale method described above. Total fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and amounts of C6, C8 and C10 fatty acid esters produced are as indicated in the following table, as are selectivities to C8 and C10 fatty acid esters. Amounts of higher- and lower-carbon number fatty acid esters are not shown separately, but are included in the total FAME production value indicated.

Total 3-ketoacyl- FAME C6 C8 C10 CoA production production production production Designation synthase (g/L) g/L) g/L % g/L % Comp. H* wt Pstu 2.19 0.03 0 0 2.08 95.1 Ex. 30 Pstu 0.53 0.22 0.24 44.5 0.03 5.3 (C186M) Ex. 31 Pstu(C186I) 0.14 0.02 0.08 54.6 0 0 *Not an example of the invention.

The wildtype Pstu enzyme produces C10 fatty acid esters almost exclusively. The C186M and I variations both shift production towards C6 and C8 fatty acid esters, with selectivity toward C8 fatty acid esters being about 40-60%.

Examples 32-61 and Comparative Sample I—Aagr Variants

Mutant E. coli strains Examples 32-61 contain a modified Aagr gene encoding a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase, as indicated in the following tables. Comparative Sample I contains the wild-type gene (encoding for SEQ ID NO. 91). Details of strain construction are as follows:

Host Plasmid NphT7 Plasmid 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase Designation Strain 1 Type mutant 2 Type Promoter Mutant Comp. I* 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH wt Aagr Ex. 32 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186I) Ex. 33 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186M) Ex. 34 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186L) Ex. 35 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186T) Ex. 36 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186C) Ex. 37 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186V) Ex. 38 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186Q) Ex. 39 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186F) Ex. 40 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186D) Ex. 41 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186N) Ex. 42 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186Y) Ex. 43 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186I, I241D) Ex. 44 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186I, I241E) Ex. 45 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186I, I241D, H246R) Ex. 46 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186I, I241E, H246R) Ex. 47 1 IB SV IA PpstsIH Aagr(A186I, C239N, H246R) Ex. 48 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186I, C239N, I241F) Ex. 49 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186I, C239N, I241Y) Ex. 50 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186I, C239D) Ex. 51 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186I, I241L) Ex. 52 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186I, I241F) Ex. 53 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186I, I241Y) Ex. 54 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186I, H246R) Ex. 55 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186I, H246K) Ex. 56 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186I, C239N) Ex. 57 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186I, C239Q) Ex. 58 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186I, I241M) Ex. 59 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186I, I241D, H246K) Ex. 60 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186I, I241Y, H246R) Ex. 61 1 1B SV 1A PpstsIH Aagr(A186I, I241E, H246K)

Each of Examples 32, 35-42, 44 and 50-61 and Comparative Sample I are cultivated to produce fatty acid ethyl esters in the small-scale method described above. Total fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) and amounts of C8 and C10 fatty acid esters produced are as indicated below in the following table, as are selectivities to C8, C10 and C12 fatty acid esters. Amounts of higher- and lower-carbon number fatty acid esters are not shown separately, but are included in the total FAEE production value indicated. “Small” under the “C12 Production” column means that most FAEE production not specifically accounted for in the table is the C6 ethyl ester, with less than 5% C12 fatty acid esters being produced.

Total FAEE C10 C12 Desig- 3-ketoacyl-CoA production C8 production production production, nation synthase (g/L) g/L % g/L % % Comp. I* wt Aagr 0.84 0.01 1.2 0.57 67.9 18.0 Ex. 32 Aagr(A186I) 1.32 0.40 22.7 0.62 47.0 0.4 Ex. 35 Aagr(I186T) 1.16 0.02 1.9 0.81 69.8 11.0 Ex. 36 Aagr(A186C) 0.96 0.01 1.5 0.64 67.0 13.4 Ex. 37 Aagr(A186V) 1.43 0.13 8.9 1.08 75.4 1.2 Ex. 38 Aagr(A186Q) 0.73 0.13 18.3 0.15 21.0 0.5 Ex. 39 Aagr(A186F) 0.97 0.09 9.0 0 0.4 0.3 Ex. 40 Aagr(A186D) 0.55 0.01 2.1 0.40 72.5 7.8 Ex. 41 Aagr(A186N) 0.99 0.02 1.7 0.66 66.7 11.5 Ex. 42 Aagr(A186Y) 0.62 0.07 10.8 0 0 0 Ex. 44 Aagr(A186I, I241E) 1.08 0.22 20.7 0.60 55.5 Small Ex. 50 Aagr(A186I, C239D) 0.20 0.05 26.1 0.02 12.4 Small Ex. 51 Aagr(A186I, I241L) 1.27 0.28 22.3 0.62 48.5 Small Ex. 52 Aagr(A186I, I241F) 1.27 0.24 18.6 0.67 58.1 Small Ex. 53 Aagr(A186I, I241Y) 1.34 0.25 18.5 0.81 60.4 Small Ex. 54 Aagr(A186I, 1.22 0.36 29.5 0.60 49.0 Small H246R) Ex. 55 Aagr(A186I, H246K) 0.93 0.26 28.5 0.35 38.1 Small Ex. 56 Aagr(A186I, C239N) 1.32 0.21 15.8 0.80 60.9 Small Ex. 57 Aagr(A186I, C239Q) 0.11 0.03 28.5 0.02 14.3 Small Ex. 58 Aagr(A186I, I241M) 1.17 0.20 17.2 0.70 60.2 Small Ex. 59 Aagr(A186I, I241D, 0.36 0.13 36.7 0.10 26.1 Small H246K) Ex. 60 Aagr(A186I, I1241Y, 1.18 0.33 27.6 0.68 57.2 Small H246R) Ex. 61 Aagr(A186I, I243E, 0.42 0.14 32.7 0.09 22.5 Small H246K) *Not an example of the invention.

The wildtype Aagr enzyme produces 18% C12 fatty acid esters in this evaluation. The replacement of the wildtype Aagr reduces C12 fatty acid ester production, in most cases in favor of higher selectivity toward C8 and/or C10 fatty acid esters.

Each of Examples 32-34 and 43-49 are cultivated to produce fatty acid methyl esters using the small-scale method described above. Total fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and amounts of C8 and C10 fatty acid esters produced are as indicated in the following table, as are selectivities to C8, C10 and C12 fatty acid esters. Amounts of higher- and lower-carbon number fatty acid esters are not shown separately, but are included in the total FAME production value indicated. “Small” under the “C12 Production” column means that most FAME production not accounted for in the table is the C6 methyl ester, with less than 5% C12 fatty acid esters being produced.

Total FAME C10 C12 Desig- 3-ketoacyl-CoA production C8 production production production, nation synthase (g/L) g/L % g/L % % Ex. 32 Aagr(A186I) 1.46 0.20 14.0 1.06 72.8 0.5 Ex. 33 Aagr(A186M) 1.07 0.26 23.9 0.1 9.33 Small Ex. 34 Aagr(A186L) 0.41 0.04 9.9 0.3 73.4 Small Ex. 43 Aagr(A186I, I241D) 0.96 0.15 15.5 0.74 77.2 Small Ex. 44 Aagr(A186I, I241E) 0.99 0.13 12.8 0.81 81.6 Small Ex. 45 Aagr(A186I, I241D, 0.74 0.18 24.5 0.51 68.8 Small H246R) Ex. 46 Aagr(A186I, I241E, 0.42 0.14 32.2 0.24 57.4 Small H246R) Ex. 47 Aagr(A186I, C239N, 0.09 0.04 48.8 0.04 41.7 Small H246R) Ex. 48 Aagr(A186I, C239N, 1.04 0.9 8.5 0.90 86.5 Small I241F) Ex. 49 Aagr(A186I, C239N, 1.17 0.10 8.7 1.02 86.6 Small I241Y)

As the data in the foregoing two table shows, the wild-type Aagr enzyme produces a significant fraction (18%) of C12 fatty acid esters. The A186I modification, by itself or accompanied by additional modifications, reduces C12 fatty acid ester production in favor of C8 and/or C10 fatty acid esters, and in some cases also in favor of C6 fatty acid esters, both in FAEE and FAME production.

Examples 62-71 and Comparative Samples J and K-Asch Variants

Mutant E. coli strains Examples 62-71 contain a modified Asch gene encoding a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase as indicated in the following tables. Comparative Samples J and K contain the wild-type gene (encoding for SEQ ID NO. 8). In Examples 62-64 and Comparative Sample J only, the mutant Asch gene is fused to a DNA sequence encoding a protein fragment containing 6 histidine residues and a protease recognition site. Details of strain construction are as follows:

Plasmid Plasmid 3-ketoacyl- Desig- Host 1 NphT7 2 CoA synthase nation Strain Type mutant Type Promoter Mutant Comp. J. 2 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Wt Asch Ex. 62 2 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Asch(K278R) Ex. 63 2 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Asch(V296A) Ex. 64 2 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Asch(K278R, V296A) Comp. K. 2 1A LSVA 2B PphoE Wt Asch Ex. 65 2 1A LSVA 2B PphoE Asch(V317A) Ex. 66 2 1A LSVA 2B PphoE Asch(K278R, V317A) Ex. 67 2 1A LSVA 2B PphoE Asch(V296A, V317A) Ex. 68 2 1A LSVA 2B PphoE Asch(M271I) Ex. 69 2 1A LSVA 2B PphoE Asch(M271I, V296A) Ex. 70 2 1A LSVA 2B PphoE Asch(M178L) Ex. 71 2 1A LSVA 2B PphoE Asch(M178L, V296A)

Each of 62-71 and Comparative Samples J and K are cultivated to produce fatty acid methyl esters using the small-scale method described above. Total fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and amounts of C6, C8 and C10 fatty acid esters produced are as indicated in the following table. Amounts of higher- and lower-carbon number fatty acid esters are not shown separately, but are included in the total FAME production value indicated.

Total C6 FAME pro- C8 C10 Desig- 3-ketoacyl-CoA production duction pro- pro- nation synthase (g/L) g/L) duction duction Comp. J Wt Asch 2.27 0.03 2.19 Ex. 62 Asch(K278R) 2.77 0.03 2.66 Ex. 63 Asch(V296A) 3.08 0.04 2.96 Ex. 64 Asch(K278R, V296A) 3.06 0.05 2.93 Comp. K. Wt Asch 4.18 0.23 0.03 3.87 Ex. 65 Asch(V317A) 4.66 0.29 0.04 4.27 Ex. 66 Asch(K278R, V317A) 4.33 0.29 0.04 3.95 Ex. 67 Asch(V296A, V317A) 4.89 0.26 0.03 4.55 Ex. 68 Asch(M271I) 4.38 0.27 0.04 4.01 Ex. 69 Asch(M271I, V296A) 4.40 0.27 0.02 4.06 Ex. 70 Asch(M178L) 4.63 0.37 0.04 4.17 Ex. 71 Asch(M178L, V296A) 4.64 0.40 0.03 4.16

As this data shows, the K278R, the V296A, the V317A, the M271I and M178L mutations all result in an increase in total productivity of the cell, compared to the wild-type Asch enzyme. Productivity is improved in these examples by as much as 36%. The generally higher productivity of Comp. K and Examples 65-71 as compared to Comp. J and Examples 62-64 is believed to be attributable to the combination of having the 3-ketoacyl synthase under the control of a low phosphate inducible promoter together with the selection of a low phosphate medium.

Examples 72-74-Asch(T184I) Variants

Mutant E. coli strains Examples 72-74 similarly contain a mutated Asch gene encoding a mutated 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase with multiple mutations as indicated in the following table. Details of strain construction are as follows:

Host Plasmid 1 NphT7 Plasmid 2 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase Designation Strain Type mutant Type Promoter Mutant Ex. 72 2 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Asch(T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G) Ex. 73 2 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Asch(T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G) Ex. 74 2 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Asch (V30A, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G)

Each of examples 72-74 are cultivated to produce fatty acid methyl esters using the small-scale method described above. Total fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and amounts of C6, C8 and C10 fatty acid esters produced are as indicated in the following table, as are selectivities to C8 and C10 fatty acid esters. Amounts of higher- and lower-carbon number fatty acid esters are not shown separately, but are included in the total FAME production value indicated.

Total FAME C6 C8 C10 3-ketoacyl-CoA production production production production Designation synthase (g/L) g/L) g/L % g/L % Ex. 72 Asch (T184I, 1.03 0.04 0.84 79.8 0.12 13.2 V268A, V296A, S328G) Ex. 73 Asch (T184I, 1.51 0.00 0.93 62 0.51 34 V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G) Ex. 74 Asch (V30A, 1.47 0.05 1.17 80 0.19 11 T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G)

Examples 75-77

E. coli mutants are prepared by transforming E. coli strain BW25113 with a “Type 1” plasmid and a “Type 2” plasmid, using electroporation methods described before. Details of strain construction are as follows:

Example Plasmid NphT7 Plasmid 2 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase No. 1 Type mutant Type Promoter Mutant Ex. 75 1B SV 2A PpstsIH Asch T184I Ex. 76 1A LSVA 2A PphoE Asch T184I Ex. 77 1A LSVA 2A PpstsIH Asch T184I

All of Examples 75-77 exhibit good selectivities toward C6-C10 fatty acid esters, when evaluated using the small-scale fermentation method.

Example 78

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain IMX581 (Mans, R., H. M. van Rossum, et al. (2015). CRISPR/Cas9: a molecular tool for simultaneous introduction of multiple genetic modifications in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 15(2)) has Cas9 nuclease integrated in its chromosome such that it can be used as the host strain for manipulating the genome using CRISPR technology (US20140068797 A1). The guide RNA (gRNA) is expressed from either pMEL or pROS series of plasmids. The genes of the non-native fatty acid and fatty acid ester pathway are integrated in the chromosome of IMX581 using this technology. The gRNA sequences are designed using Yeastriction online tool (Robert Mans, HEarme M. van Rossuni, Melanie Wijsman, Antoon Backx, Niels G A. Kuijpers, Marcel van den Broek, Pascale Daran-Lapujade, Jack T. Pronk, Anorionius J. A. van Maris, Jean-Marc G. Daran (2015) CRISPR/Cas9: a molecular Swiss army knife for simultaneous introduction of multiple genetic modifications in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Research 16). The gRNA sequence is introduced into pMEL plasmid using complementary primers that have 50 bp of homology and are PAGE-purified. The primers are dissolved in distilled water to a final concentration of 100 μM, the primers are mixed in 1:1 molar ratio, and the mixture is heated to 95° C. for 5 min and annealed by cooling to room temperature. The primers are mixed with pMEL10 as template and the mixture is amplified using Q5 High Fidelity 2× Master Mix (New England BioLabs (Ipswich, Mass.). The PCR product is digested with DpnI for 30 minutes and the PCR product purified on an agarose gel. The protocol for simultaneous integration and deletion is described in Mans et al (supra). Using the protocol, genes that encode for the proteins listed in the table below are integrated into loci in the S. cerevisiae chromosome as listed below. The terminators and promoters that are used to express the genes are also listed in the table.

Enzyme Target Gene Encoded locus Promoter Terminator NphT7 SEQ ID NO. 83 PDC1 gene Native PDC1 Native PDC1 NphT7 (LVSA) SEQ ID NO. 82 CIT3 gene Native TDH3 Native ADH1 variant Mutant 3-ketoacyl-CoA SEQ ID NO. 11 ADH1 gene Native TEF1 Native ADH1 synthase 3-ketoacyl-CoA SEQ ID. NO. 98 GDH1 gene Native PGK1 Native CYC1 reductase 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA reductase SEQ ID NO. 99 GAL1 gene Native GPD1 Native ADH1 Enoyl-CoA SEQ ID NO. 84 GAL10 gene Native PGK1 Native CYC1 reductase Ester synthase SEQ ID NO. 104 GPD1 gene Native GPD1 Native GPD1

The engineered yeast is grown in 250 mL shake flasks at 30° C. in 25 mL of synthetic defined medium supplemented with 10 g/L of glucose as carbon source. The flasks are shaken at 200 rpm for 24 h. Fatty acid or fatty acid methyl ester acid is measured in the supernatant.

Example 79

The oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica strain LGAM S(7)1 (Papanikolaou S., and Aggelis G., Bioresour. Technol. 82(1):43-9 (2002)). CRISPR/Cas9: a molecular tool for simultaneous introduction of multiple genetic modifications in Y. lipolytica. The host is engineered with Cas9 nuclease integrated in its chromosome such that it can be used as the host strain for manipulating the genome using CRISPR technology (US20140068797 A1). The guide RNA (gRNA) is expressed from either pMEL or pROS series of plasmids. The genes of the non-native fatty acid and fatty acid ester pathway are integrated in the chromosome of Y. lipolytica using this technology. The gRNA sequences are designed using Yeastriction online tool (Robert Mans, Harmen M. van Rossum, Melanie Wijsman, Antoon Backx, Niels G. A. Kuijpers, Marcel van den Broek, Pascale Daran-Lapujade, Jack T. Pronk, Antonius J. A. van Maris, Jean-Marc C. Daran (2015) CRISPR/Cas9: a molecular Swiss army knife for simultaneous introduction of multiple genetic modifications in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Research 16). The gRNA sequence is introduced into pMEL plasmid using complementary primers that have 50 bp of homology and are PAGE-purified. The primers are dissolved in distilled water to a final concentration of 100 μM, the primers are mixed in 1:1 molar ratio, and the mixture is heated to 95° C. for 5 min and annealed by cooling to room temperature. The primers are mixed with pMEL10 as template and the mixture is amplified using Q5 High Fidelity 2× Master Mix (New England BioLabs (Ipswich, Mass.). The PCR product is digested with DpnI for 30 minutes and the PCR product purified on an agarose gel. The protocol for simultaneous integration and deletion is described in Mans et al (supra). Using the protocol, genes that encode for the proteins listed in the table below are integrated into the loci in the Y. lipolytica chromosome. Examples of the terminator and promoters that are used to express the genes are also listed in the table.

Enzyme Gene Encoded Target locus Promoter Terminator NphT7 SEQ ID NO. 83 PDC1 gene Native PDC1 Native PDC1 NphT7 (LVSA) variant SEQ ID NO. 82 XPR2 gene Native TDH3 Native ADH1 Mutant 3- SEQ ID NO. 11 ADH1 gene Native TEF1 Native ADH1 ketoacyl-CoA synthase 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase SEQ ID. NO. 98 GDH1 gene NativePGK1 Native CYC1 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA SEQ ID NO. 99 GAL1 gene Native GPD1 Native ADH1 reductase Enoyl-CoA reductase SEQ ID NO. 84 GAL10 gene Native PGK1 Native CYC1 Ester synthase SEQ ID NO. 104 GPD1 gene Native GPD1 Native GPD1

The engineered yeast is grown in 250 mL shake flasks at 30° C. in 25 mL of synthetic defined media supplemented with 10 g/L of glucose as carbon source. The flasks are shaken at 200 rpm for 24 h. Fatty acid or fatty acid methyl ester acid is measured in the supernatant.

Examples 80-96-Asch(T184I) Variants

The mutant 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase having SEQ ID NO. 20 is selected as a promising candidate for further improvement through additional mutations. Inventive Control A is produced by introducing mutant 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase having SEQ ID NO. 20 into E. coli host strain 3. This inventive example serves as a basis for comparison for the additional mutant Examples 80-96. Mutant E. coli strains Examples 80-96 contain a mutated Asch gene encoding a mutated 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase having the same mutations as SEQ ID NO. 20 together with one or more additional mutations. All mutations differing from the wild-type 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (SEQ ID NO. 8) are indicated in the following table. Details of strain construction are as follows:

Host NphT7 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase Designation Strain mutant Promoter Mutant Inventive 3 LSVA PphoE Asch (T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ Control A ID NO. 20 Ex. 80 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(T184I, V268A, V296A, K313E, S328G, A370T), SEQ ID NO. 121 Ex. 81 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(T18A, T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 122 Ex. 82 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G, S329G), SEQ ID NO. 123 Ex. 83 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(I127T, T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 124 Ex. 84 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(T184I, V268A, K274E, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 125 Ex 85 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(, T184I, N231I, V268A, V296A, ,S328G), SEQ ID NO. 204 Ex. 86 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(A38V, M178T, T184I, V268A, V296A, A312D, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 126 Ex. 87 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(D116G, T184I, F190Y, L241P, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 127 Ex. 88 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(194T, T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 128 Ex. 89 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(L22M, T184I, V268A, V296A, K313M, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 129 Ex. 90 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(T184I, V268A, V296A, K313E, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 130 Ex. 91 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G, A370T), SEQ ID NO. 131 Ex. 92 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(T18A, T184I, V268A, V296A, K313E, S328G, A370T), SEQ ID NO. 132 Ex. 93 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(T184I, V268A, V296A, K313E, S328G, S329G, A370T), SEQ ID NO. 133 Ex. 94 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(T184I, F236L, V268A, V296A, K313E, V317A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 134 Ex. 95 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(T184I, F236M, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 135 Ex. 96 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(T184I, I232V, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 136

Each of examples 80-96 are cultivated to produce fatty acid methyl esters using the shake flask method described above. Amounts of C8 and C10 fatty acid esters are measured. The ability of each example to increase production of C8 and/or C10 fatty esters is recorded as indicated. The ability of each example to increase specificity for C8 and/or C10 is recorded as indicated.

Increase C8 Increase Increase C8 FAME total FAME FAME Specificity relative to relative to relative to Inventive Inventive Inventive Designation 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase Control A Control A * Control A ** Ex. 80 Asch(T184I, V268A, V296A, + ++ — K313E, S328G, A370T) Ex. 81 Asch(T18A, T184I, V268A, + ++ + V296A, S328G) Ex. 82 Asch(T184I, V268A, V296A, ++ ++ — S328G, S329G) Ex. 83 Asch(I127T, T184I, V268A, +++ +++ O V296A, S328G) Ex. 84 Asch(T184I, V268A, K274E, ++ ++ O V296A, S328G) Ex. 85 Asch(, T184I, N231I, V268A, +++ ++ O V296A, ,S328G) Ex. 86 Asch(A38V, M178T, T184I, + + O V268A, V296A, A312D, S328G) Ex. 87 Asch(D116G, T184I, F190Y, + + O L241P, V268A, V296A, S328G) Ex. 88 Asch(194T, T184I, V268A, ++ ++ + V296A, S328) Ex. 89 Asch(L22M, T184I, V268A, ++ ++ +++ V296A, K313M, S328G) Ex. 90 Asch(T184I, V268A, V296A, + + + K313E , S328G) Ex. 91 Asch(T184I, V268A, V296A, ++ ++ — S328G, A370T) Ex. 92 Asch(T18A, T184I, V268A, + + — V296A, K313E, S328G, A370T) Ex. 93 Asch(T184I, V268A, V296A, + + ++ K313E , S328G, S329G, A370T) Ex. 94 Asch(T184I, F236L, V268A, + + +++ V296A, K313E, V317A, S328G) Ex. 95 Asch(T184I, F236M, V268A, + V296A, V317A, S328G) Ex. 96 Asch(T184I, I232V, V268A, +++ +++ — V296A, S328G) *(+) = Increase over control strain **(+) = Increase over control strain; (—) = No change over control strain; (O) = Decrease over control strain

Examples 97-99-Asch(T184I) Variants

A mutant 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase having SEQ ID NO. 20, except that the valines appearing at amino acids 30 and 317 each are replaced with alanine, is selected as a candidate for further improvement through additional mutations. Inventive Control B is produced by introducing this mutant 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase into E. coli host strain 2. This inventive example serves as a basis for comparison for the additional mutants Examples 97-99. Mutant E. coli strains Examples 97-99 contain a mutated Asch gene encoding a mutated 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase having the same mutations as that of Inventive Control B together with one or more additional mutations. All mutations differing from the wild-type 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (SEQ ID NO. 8) are indicated in the following table. Details of strain construction are as follows:

Host NphT7 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase Designation Strain mutant Promoter Mutant Inventive 2 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, Control B S328G) Ex. 97 2 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, T184I, V268A, E282G, V296A, V317A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 137 Ex. 98 2 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, D322G, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 138 Ex. 99 2 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, T184I, E210V, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 139

Each of examples 97-99 are cultivated to produce fatty acid methyl esters using the shake flask method described above. Amounts of C8 and C10 fatty acid esters are measured. The ability of each example to increase production of C8 and/or C10 fatty esters is recorded as indicated. The ability of each example to increase specificity for C8 and/or C10 is recorded as indicated.

Increase Increase Increase total C8 C8 FAME FAME FAME Specificity relative relative relative to to to Inventive Design- Inventive Inventive Control ation 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase Control B Control B* B** Ex. 97 Asch(V30A, T184I, V268A, +++ ++ O E282G, V296A, V317A, S328G) Ex. 98 Asch(V30A, T184I, V268A, +++ +++ — V296A, V317A, D322GS328G) Ex. 99 Asch(V30A, T184I, E210V, + + — V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G) *(+) = Increase over control strain **(+) = Increase over control strain; (—) = No change over control strain; (O) = Decrease over control strain

Examples 100-116-Asch(T184I) Variants

A mutant 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase corresponding to SEQ ID NO. 8 with six specific mutations as indicated in the following table, is selected as a candidate for further improvement through additional mutations. Inventive Control C is produced by introducing this mutant 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase into E. coli host strain 3. This inventive example serves as a basis for comparison for the additional mutants Examples 100-116. Mutant E. coli strains Examples 100-116 contain a mutated Asch gene encoding a mutated 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase having the same mutations as that of Inventive Control C together with one or more additional mutations. All mutations differing from the wild-type 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (SEQ ID NO. 8) are indicated in the following table. Details of strain construction are as follows:

Host NphT7 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase Designation Strain mutant Promoter Mutant Inventive 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch (V30A, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, Control C V328G) Ex. 100 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, T184I, V268A, V296A, E315K, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 140 Ex. 101 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, A54V, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 141 Ex. 102 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, T184I, V268A, V296A, 1302T, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 142 Ex. 103 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, A54V, T184I, V268A, V296A, I302T, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 143 Ex. 104 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, T184I, V268A, M271I, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 144 Ex. 105 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, A356G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 145 Ex. 106 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, A3565, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 146 Ex. 107 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, A154G, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 147 Ex. 108 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, T184I, I232V, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 148 Ex. 109 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, A54V, A154G, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 149 Ex. 110 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, A154G, T184I, V268A, M2711, V296A, I302T, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 150 Ex. 111 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, A54V, A154G, T184I, V268A, M271I, V296A, I302T, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 151 Ex. 112 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, A54V, T184I, V268A, M2711, V296A, I302T, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 152 Ex. 113 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, A54V, T184I, V268A, M2711, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 153 Ex. 114 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, T184I, V268A, M271I, V296A, I302T, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 154 Ex. 115 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, A54V, A154G, T184I, V268A, M271I, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 155 Ex. 116 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, A154G, T184I, V268A, M271I, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 156

Each of examples 100-116 are cultivated to produce fatty acid methyl esters using the shake flask method described above. Amounts of C8 and C10 fatty acid esters are measured. The ability of each example to increase production of C8 and/or C10 fatty esters is recorded as indicated.

Increase C8 Increase Increase C8 FAME total FAME FAME Specificity relative to relative to relative to Inventive Inventive Inventive Designation 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase Control C Control C * Control C** Ex. 100 Asch(V30A, T184I, V268A, V296A, ++ + O E315K, V317A, S328G, H368R) Ex. 101 Asch(V30A, A54V, T184I, V268A, ++ ++ + V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R) Ex. 102 Asch(V30A, T184I, V268A, V296A, + + + I302T, V317A, S328G, H368R) Ex. 103 Asch(V30A, A54V, T184I, V268A, ++ ++ + V296A, I302TV317A, S328G, H368R) Ex. 104 Asch(V30A, T184I, V268A, M271I ++ + + V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R) Ex. 105 Asch(V30A, T184I, V268A, V296A, +++ +++ + V317A, S328G, A356G, H368R) Ex. 106 Asch(V30A, T184I, V268A, V296A, + + + V317A, S328G, A356S, H368R) Ex. 107 Asch(V30A, A154G, T184I, V268A, ++ +++ + V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R) Ex. 108 Asch(V30A, T184I, I232V, V268A, +++ ++ + V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R) Increase C8 Increase Increase C8 FAME total FAME FAME Specificity relative to relative to relative to Designation 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase Ex. 107 Ex. 107* Ex. 107** Ex. 109 Asch(V30A, A54V, A154G, T184I, + + O V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R) Ex. 110 Asch(V30A, A154G, T184I, V268A, + + — M271I, V296A, I302T, V317A, S3 28G, H368R) Ex. 111 Asch(V30A, A54V, A154G, T184I, +++ +++ O V268A, M271I, V296A, I302T, V317A, S328G, H368R) Increase C8 Increase Increase C8 FAME total FAME FAME Specificity relative to relative to relative to Designation 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase Ex. 104 Ex. 104* Ex. 104** Ex. 112 Asch(V30A, A54V, T184I, V268A, +++ +++ + M271I, V296A, I302T, V317A, S328G, H368R) Ex. 113 Asch(V30A, A54V, T184I, V268A, + + + M271I, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R) Ex. 114 Asch(V30A, T184I, V268A, M271I, +++ +++ + V296A, I302T, V317A, S328G, H368R) Ex. 115 Asch(V30A, A54V, A154G, T184I, + + + V268A, M271I, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R) Ex. 116 Asch(V30A, A154G, T184I, V268A, + ++ + M271IV296A, V317A, S328G, H368R) *(+) = Increase over control strain **(+) = Increase over control strain; (—) = No change over control strain; (O) = Decrease over control strain

Examples 117-133-Asch(G51) Variants

Mutant E. coli strains Examples 117-133 similarly contain a mutated Asch gene encoding a mutated 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase with multiple mutations as indicated in the following table. Details of strain construction are as follows:

Host NphT7 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase Designation Strain mutant Promoter Mutant Ex. 117 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(G51A, T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 172 Ex. 118 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(G51C, T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 173 Ex. 119 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(G51D, T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 174 Ex. 120 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(G51H, T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 175 Ex. 121 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(G51I, T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 176 Ex. 122 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(G51K, T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 177 Ex. 123 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(G51L, T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 178 Ex. 124 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(G51M, T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 179 Ex. 125 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(G51N, T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 180 Ex. 126 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(G51P, T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 181 Ex. 127 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(G51Q, T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 182 Ex. 128 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(G51R, T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 183 Ex. 129 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(G51S, T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 184 Ex. 130 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(G51T, T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 185 Ex. 131 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(G51V, T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 186 Ex. 132 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(G51W, T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 187 Ex. 133 3 LSVA PphoE Asch(G51Y, T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 188

Each of examples 117-133 are cultivated to produce fatty acid methyl esters using the shake flask method described above. Total fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and amounts of C8 and C10 fatty acid esters produced are as indicated in the following table, as are relative percentages of C8 and C10 fatty acids. Amounts of higher- and lower-carbon number fatty acid esters are not shown separately, but are included in the total FAME production value indicated.

Total FAME production C8 FAME relative to g/L relative 3-ketoacyl-CoA Inventive to Inventive Designation synthase Control A Control A Ex. 117 Asch(G51A, + + T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 172 Ex. 118 Asch(G51C, + + T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 173 Ex. 119 Asch(G51D, +++ ++ T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 174 Ex. 120 Asch(G51H, ++ ++ T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 175 Ex. 121 Asch(G51I, + + T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 176 Ex. 122 Asch(G51K, +++ +++ T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 177 Ex. 123 Asch(G51L, +++ +++ T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 178 Ex. 124 Asch(G51M, +++ +++ T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 179 Ex. 125 Asch(G51N, +++ +++ T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 180 Ex. 126 Asch(G51P, +++ +++ T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 181 Ex. 127 Asch(G51Q, +++ +++ T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 182 Ex. 128 Asch(G51R, + + T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 183 Ex. 129 Asch(G51S, ++ ++ T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 184 Ex. 130 Asch(G51T, + ++ T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 185 Ex. 131 Asch(G51V, + ++ T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 186 Ex. 133 Asch(G51W, ++ ++ T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 187 Ex. 133 Asch(G51Y, +++ ++ T184I, V268A, V296A, S328G), SEQ ID NO. 188

Examples 134-148-Asch(G51) Variants

A mutant 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase corresponding to SEQ ID NO. 8 with seven specific mutations as indicated in the following table, is selected as a candidate for further improvement through additional mutations. Inventive Control D is produced by introducing this mutant 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase into E. coli host strain 3. This inventive example serves as a basis for comparison for the additional mutants Examples 134-148. Mutant E. coli strains Examples 134-148 contain a mutated Asch gene encoding a mutated 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase having the same mutations as that of Inventive Control D together with one or more additional mutations. All mutations differing from the wild-type 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (SEQ ID NO. 8) are indicated in the following table. Details of strain construction are as follows:

Host NphT7 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase Designation Strain mutant Promoter Mutant Inventive 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch (V30A, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, Control D S238G, H368R) Ex. 134 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, G51C, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 189 Ex. 135 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, G51D, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 190 Ex. 136 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, G51E, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 191 Ex. 137 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, G51F, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 192 Ex. 138 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, G51H, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 193 Ex. 139 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, G51I, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 194 Ex. 140 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, G51K, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 195 Ex. 141 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, G51M, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 196 Ex. 142 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, G51N, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 197 Ex. 143 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, G51P, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 198 Ex. 144 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, G51R, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 199 Ex. 145 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, G515, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 200 Ex. 146 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, G51T, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 201 Ex. 147 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, G51W, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 202 Ex. 148 3 LSVA PpstsIH Asch(V30A, G51Y, T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 203

Each of examples 134-148 are cultivated to produce fatty acid methyl esters using the shake flask method described above. Total fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and amounts of C8 and C10 fatty acid esters produced are as indicated in the following table, as are relative percentages of C8 and and C10 fatty acids. Amounts of higher- and lower-carbon number fatty acid esters are not shown separately, but are included in the total FAME production value indicated.

Total FAME C8 FAME g/L production relative relative to to Inventive Inventive Designation 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase Control D Control D Ex. 134 Asch(V30A, G51C, + +++ T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 189 Ex. 135 Asch(V30A, G51D, +++ ++ T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 190 Ex. 136 Asch(V30A, G51E, +++ ++ T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 191 Ex. 137 Asch(V30A, G51F, +++ ++ T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 192 Ex. 138 Asch(V30A, G51H, + + T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 193 Ex. 139 Asch(V30A, G51I, + +++ T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 194 Ex. 140 Asch(V30A, G51K, +++ +++ T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 195 Ex. 141 Asch(V30A, G51M, ++ ++ T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 196 Ex. 142 Asch(V30A, G51N, +++ ++ T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 197 Ex. 143 Asch(V30A, G51P, + + T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 198 Ex. 144 Asch(V30A, G51R, + + T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 199 Ex. 145 Asch(V30A, G51S, + ++ T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 200 Ex. 146 Asch(V30A, G51T, + +++ T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 201 Ex. 147 Asch(V30A, G51W, ++ ++ T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 202 Ex. 148 Asch(V30A, G51Y, + + T184I, V268A, V296A, V317A, S328G, H368R), SEQ ID NO. 203

EMBODIMENTS

1. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase having an amino acid sequence characterized in including at least one of a) a sub-sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 1, provided that an amino acid residue that aligns to amino acid residue 8 of SEQ ID NO. 1 is leucine, valine, isoleucine or methionine and amino acid residue 2 is leucine or methionine; b) a sub-sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 2, provided that an amino acid residue that aligns to amino acid residue 6 of SEQ ID NO. 2 is isoleucine or methionine and c) a sub-sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 3, provided that an amino acid residue that aligns with amino acid residue 6 of SEQ ID NO. 3 is isoleucine, methionine, threonine, cysteine, valine, glutamine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, asparagine or tyrosine. 2. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase having an amino acid sequence characterized in including at least one of a) SEQ ID NO. 1, b) SEQ ID NO. 2 and c) SEQ ID NO. 3. 3. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 2 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID NO. 1. 4. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 1-3 wherein the amino acid sequence further includes at least one of a) SEQ ID NO. 4 or SEQ ID NO. 161, b) SEQ ID NO. 5 and c) SEQ ID NO. 6 or SEQ ID NO. 162. 5. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 4 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID NO. 44. 6. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 5 wherein the amino acid sequence includes a sub-sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO. 45, provided that an amino acid residue of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns to amino acid residue 35 of SEQ ID NO. 5 is leucine, valine, isoleucine or methionine. 7. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 5 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID NO. 45. 8. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 4-7 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID NO. 4 or SEQ ID NO. 161, SEQ ID NO. 5 and SEQ ID NO. 6 or SEQ ID NO. 162. 9. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 7 wherein the amino acid sequence further includes SEQ ID NO. 46. 10. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 8 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID NO. 47. 11. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 1-10 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID NO. 48. 12. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 3 wherein the amino acid sequence is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 49. 13. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 3 wherein the amino acid sequence has SEQ ID NO. 49. 14. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 1-13 wherein the amino acid sequence is at least 50% identical to SEQ ID NO. 8. 15. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 14 wherein the amino acid sequence is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 8. 16. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase having an amino acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 9, SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 11, SEQ ID NO. 12, SEQ ID NO. 13, SEQ ID NO. 14, SEQ ID NO. 15, SEQ ID NO. 16, SEQ ID NO. 17, SEQ ID NO. 18, SEQ ID NO. 19, SEQ ID NO. 20, SEQ ID NO. 21, SEQ ID NO. 22, SEQ ID NO. 23, SEQ ID NO. 24, SEQ ID NO. 25, SEQ ID NO. 26, SEQ ID NO. 27, SEQ ID NO. 28, SEQ ID NO. 29, SEQ ID NO. 30, SEQ ID NO. 31, SEQ ID NO. 32, SEQ ID NO. 33, SEQ ID NO. 34, SEQ ID NO. 36, SEQ ID NO. 37, SEQ ID NO. 38, SEQ ID NO. 39, SEQ ID NO. 92, SEQ ID NO. 93, any one of SEQ ID NOs 121-157 or any one of SEQ ID NOs. 172-204. 17. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 2 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID NO. 2. 18. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 17 wherein the amino acid sequence further includes at least one of a) SEQ ID NO. 4 or SEQ ID NO. 161, b) SEQ ID NO. 5 and c) SEQ ID NO. 6 or SEQ ID NO. 162. 19. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 18 wherein the amino acid sequence is at least 50% identical to SEQ ID NO. 40. 20. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 19 wherein the amino acid sequence is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 40. 21. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 18 which has SEQ. ID NO. 40. 22. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 2 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID NO. 3. 23. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 22 wherein the amino acid sequence further includes a) SEQ ID NO. 4 or SEQ ID NO. 161, b) SEQ ID NO. 5 and c) SEQ ID NO. 6 or SEQ ID NO. 162. 24. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 22 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID NO. 41. 25. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 22 wherein the amino acid sequence is at least 50% identical to SEQ ID NO. 42 or 43. 26. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 22 wherein the amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 42 or 43. 27. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 22 wherein the amino acid sequence is SEQ. ID NO. 42 or 43. 28. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase having an amino acid sequence characterized in including SEQ ID. NO. 50. 29. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 28 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID NO. 51. 30. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 28 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID NO. 52. 31. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 28 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID NO. 53. 32. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 23-31 wherein the amino acid sequence further includes SEQ ID NO. 46. 33. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 28 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID NO. 54. 34. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 28-33 wherein the amino acid sequence further includes SEQ ID NO. 48. 35. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 28 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID NO. 55. 36. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase having an amino acid sequence characterized in including SEQ ID. NO. 56. 37. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 36 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID NO. 57. 38. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 36 or 37 wherein the amino acid sequence further includes SEQ ID NO. 51. 39. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 36 or 37 wherein the amino acid sequence further includes SEQ ID NO. 52. 40. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 36 or 37 wherein the amino acid sequence further includes SEQ ID NO. 53. 41. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 36 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID NO. 58. 42. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 36-41 wherein the amino acid sequence further includes SEQ ID NO. 48. 43. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 36 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID NO. 59. 44. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase having an amino acid sequence characterized in including SEQ ID. NO. 60. 45. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 44 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID. NO. 61. 46. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 44 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID. NO. 62. 47. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 44 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID. NO. 63. 48. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 44-46 wherein the amino acid includes SEQ ID. NO. 46. 49. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 44-48 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID. NO. 48. 50. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 44 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID. NO. 64. 51. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase having an acid sequence characterized in including SEQ ID. NO. 65. 52. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 51 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID. NO. 51. 53. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 51 or 52 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID. NO. 66. 54. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 51-53 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID. NO. 48. 55. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 51-54 wherein the amino acid sequence includes at least one of a) SEQ ID. NO. 4 or SEQ ID NO. 161 and b) SEQ ID NO. 5. 56. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 51-55 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID. NO. 53. 57. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 51 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID. NO. 67. 58. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 51 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID. NO. 68. 59. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase having an amino sequence characterized in including SEQ ID. NO. 69. 60. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 59 wherein the amino acid sequence further includes SEQ ID. NO. 51. 61. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 59 or 60 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID NO. 52. 62. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 59 or 69 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID NO. 53. 63. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 56-62 wherein the amino acid sequence includes at least one of a) SEQ ID NO. 5 and b) SEQ ID NO. 6 or SEQ ID NO. 162. 64. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 59-63 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID NO. 46. 65. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 59 or 60 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID NO. 70. 66. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 59-65 wherein the amino acid sequence includes SEQ ID NO. 48. 67. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 59 wherein the amino acid sequence includes ID NO. 71. 68. A ketoacyl-CoA synthase having SEQ ID NO. 110 or being at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 110, comprising in each case at least one of features i)-xiii):

i) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 30 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is alanine;

ii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 39 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is valine;

iii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 69 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is valine;

iv) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 111 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is cysteine;

v) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 152 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is cysteine, leucine, methionine or threonine;

vi) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 178 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is leucine;

vii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 184 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is isoleucine, leucine, methionine or valine;

viii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 268 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is alanine;

ix) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 271 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is isoleucine;

x) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 278 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is arginine;

xi) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 296 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is alanine;

xii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 317 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is alanine;

xiii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 328 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is glycine.

69. A ketoacyl-CoA synthase having SEQ ID NO. 119 or being at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 119, comprising in each case at least one of features i) to xliii):

i) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 18 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is alanine;

ii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 22 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is methionine;

iii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 30 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is alanine;

iv) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 38 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is valine;

v) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 39 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is valine;

vi) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 51 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan or tyrosine;

vii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 54 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is valine;

viii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 69 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is valine;

ix) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 83 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is asparagine;

x) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 94 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is threonine, leucine, glutamic acid, or alanine;

xi) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 111 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is cysteine;

xii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 116 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is glycine;

xiii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 127 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is a threonine;

xiv) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 130 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is glycine;

xv) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 152 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is cysteine, leucine, methionine or threonine;

xvi) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 154 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is glycine;

xvii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 178 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is leucine or threonine;

xviii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 190 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is phenylalanine or tyrosine;

xix) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 210 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is valine;

xx) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 223 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is histidine;

xxi) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 231 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is isoleucine;

xxii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 232 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is valine;

xxiii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 236 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is leucine or methionine;

xxiv) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 241 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is proline;

xxv) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 268 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is alanine;

xxvi) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 271 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is isoleucine;

xxvii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 274 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is glutamic acid;

xxviii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 278 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is arginine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glutamine;

xxix) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 280 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is isoleucine;

xxx) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 282 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is glycine;

xxxi) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 296 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is alanine;

xxxii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 302 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is threonine;

xxxiii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 312 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is aspartic acid;

xxxiv) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 313 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is glutamic acid or methionine;

xxxv) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 315 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is lysine;

xxxvi) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 317 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is alanine;

xxxvii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 322 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is glycine;

xxxviii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 328 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is glycine;

xxxix) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 329 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is glycine;

xl) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 344 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is glutamic acid, aspartic acid or asparagine; xli) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 356 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is glycine or serine;

xlii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 368 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is arginine; and

xliii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 370 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is threonine.

70. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 69 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 184 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is isoleucine, leucine, methionine or valine.

71. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 69 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 184 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is isoleucine.

72. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 69-71 wherein:

the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 268 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is alanine;

the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 296 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is alanine; and

the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 328 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is glycine.

73. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 69-72 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 317 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is alanine.

74. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 70-73 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 30 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is alanine.

75. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 70-74 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 368 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is arginine.

76. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 69-75 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 51 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan or tyrosine. 77. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 69-76 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 51 of SEQ ID NO. 119 is alanine. 78. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of any of SEQ ID NOs. 121-157. 79. A ketoacyl-CoA synthase having SEQ ID NO. 110 or being at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 110, comprising in each case at least one of features i)-xiii):

i) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 30 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is alanine;

ii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 39 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is valine;

iii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 69 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is valine;

iv) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 111 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is cysteine;

v) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 152 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is cysteine, leucine, methionine or threonine;

vi) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 178 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is leucine;

vii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 184 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is isoleucine, leucine, methionine or valine;

viii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 268 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is alanine;

ix) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 271 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is isoleucine;

x) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 278 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is arginine;

xi) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 296 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is alanine;

xii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 317 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is alanine;

xiii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 328 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is glycine.

80. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 79 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 184 of SEQ ID NO. 120 is isoleucine, leucine, methionine or valine.

81. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 79 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 184 of SEQ ID NO. 120 is isoleucine.

82. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 79-81 wherein:

the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 268 of SEQ ID NO. 120 is alanine;

the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 296 of SEQ ID NO. 120 is alanine; and

the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 328 of SEQ ID NO. 120 is glycine.

83. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 79-82 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 317 of SEQ ID NO. 120 is alanine.

84. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 80-83 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 30 of SEQ ID NO. 120 is alanine.

85. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 80-84 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 368 of SEQ ID NO. 120 is arginine.

86. A ketoacyl-CoA synthase having SEQ ID NO. 110 or being at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO. 110, comprising in each case at least one of features i)-xiii):

i) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 30 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is alanine;

ii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 39 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is valine;

iii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 69 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is valine;

iv) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 111 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is cysteine;

v) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 152 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is cysteine, leucine, methionine or threonine;

vi) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 178 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is leucine;

vii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 184 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is isoleucine, leucine, methionine or valine;

viii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 268 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is alanine;

ix) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 271 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is isoleucine;

x) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 278 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is arginine;

xi) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 296 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is alanine;

xii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 317 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is alanine;

xiii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 328 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is glycine.

87. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 86 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 184 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is isoleucine, leucine, methionine or valine.

88. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of embodiment 86 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 184 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is isoleucine.

89. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 86-88 wherein:

the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 268 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is alanine;

the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 296 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is alanine; and

the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 328 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is glycine.

90. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 86-89 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 317 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is alanine.

91. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 87-90 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 30 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is alanine.

92. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 87-91 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 368 of SEQ ID NO. 110 is arginine.

93. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase having an acid sequence characterized in including SEQ ID. NO. 170.

94. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase gene encoding for a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 1-93.

95. A genetically modified cell comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 1-93.

96. A genetically modified cell comprising a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase gene of embodiment 94.

97. The genetically modified cell of embodiment 95 or 96 wherein the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase is malonyl-CoA-dependent.

98. The genetically modified cell of any of embodiment 95-97 which further comprises a heterologous nucleic acid sequence that encodes a malonyl-CoA-dependent 3-ketohexanoyl-CoA synthase.

99. The genetically modified cell of embodiment 98 wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence that encodes a malonyl-CoA-dependent 3-ketohexanoyl-CoA synthase includes SEQ ID. NO. 82.

100. The genetically modified cell of embodiment 98 wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence that encodes a malonyl-CoA-dependent 3-ketohexanoyl-CoA synthase includes SEQ ID. NO. 82 in which amino acid residue 100 is leucine, amino acid residue 147 is serine, threonine or phenylalanine, amino acid residue 217 is valine and amino acid residue 323 is valine. 101. The genetically modified cell of any of embodiments 95-100 which further comprises a heterologous nucleic acid sequence that encodes a malonyl-CoA-dependent 3-ketobutyryl-CoA synthase. 102. The genetically modified cell of embodiment 101 wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence that encodes a malonyl-CoA-dependent 3-ketobutyryl-CoA synthase includes SEQ ID. NO. 83. 103. The genetically modified cell of any of embodiments 95-102 further comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence that encodes a 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase. 104. The genetically modified cell of embodiment 103 wherein the 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase has or is at least 80% identical to any one of SEQ. ID. NO. 103, SEQ. ID. NO. 102 or SEQ. ID. NO. 101. 105. The genetically modified cell of any of embodiments 95-104 further comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence that encodes a 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase. 106. The genetically modified cell of any of embodiments 95-105 further comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence that encodes for an enzyme that reduces a 3-ketoacyl-CoA to form a corresponding 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA and dehydrates the 3-ketoacyl-CoA to form a corresponding 2-trans-enoyl-CoA. 107. The genetically modified cell of embodiment 106 wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence that encodes for an enzyme that reduces a 3-ketoacyl-CoA to form a corresponding 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA and dehydrates the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA to form a corresponding 2-trans-enoyl-CoA has or is at least 80% identical to SEQ. ID. NO. 98. 108. The genetically modified cell of any of embodiments 95-107 further comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence that encodes an enoyl-CoA reductase. 109. The genetically modified cell of any of embodiments 95-108 further comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence that encodes an ester synthase. 110. The genetically modified cell of any of embodiments 95-109 further comprising a deletion of a native LDH gene. 111. The genetically modified cell of any of embodiments 95-110 further comprising a deletion of a native pyruvate formate lyase gene. 112. The genetically modified cell of any of embodiments 95-111 further comprising deletion of a native methylglyoxal synthase gene. 113. The genetically modified cell of any of embodiments 95-112 further comprising a deletion of a native phosphotransacetylase gene. 114. The genetically modified cell of any of embodiments 95-113 further comprising a deletion of a native thioesterase gene. 115. The genetically modified cell of any of embodiments 95-114 further comprising a deletion of a native adhE gene. 116. The genetically modified cell of any of embodiments 95-115 further comprising a deletion of a native atoDAEB operon. 117. The genetically modified cell of any of embodiments 95-116 further comprising deletion of a native fadD gene. 118. The genetically modified cell of any of embodiments 95-111 further comprising a deletion of a native phosphotransacetylase gene. 119. The genetically modified cell of any of embodiments 95-118 further comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence that encodes for any of a fatty acyl-CoA reductase, a fatty aldehyde reductase, an acyl-ACP reductase, an acyl-CoA:ACP acyltransferase, a thioesterase, an acyl-CoA hydrolase, a carboxylic acid reductase, a CoA hydrolase, an aldehyde dehydrogenase, a carboxylic acid reductase and an acyl-ACP reductase. 120. The genetically modified cell of any of embodiments 95-119 which is a bacteria. 121. The genetically modified cell of embodiment 120 wherein the bacteria is E. coli. 122. A process for making one or more compounds having a straight-chain alkyl group, comprising culturing the genetically modified cell of any of embodiments 95-121 in a fermentation medium and recovering the compound(s) having a straight-chain alkyl group from the fermentation medium. 123. The process of embodiment 122 wherein at least 40% by weight of the compound(s) having a straight-chain alkyl group have 6-10 carbon atoms in the straight-chain alkyl group. 124. The process of embodiment 122 wherein at least 60% by weight of the compound(s) having a straight-chain alkyl group have 6-10 carbon atoms in the straight-chain alkyl group. 125. The process of any of embodiments 122-124 wherein the compound(s) having a straight-chain alkyl group are fatty alcohols. 126. The process of any of embodiments 122-124 wherein the compound(s) having a straight-chain alkyl group are fatty amides. 127. The process of any of embodiments 122-124 wherein the compound(s) having a straight-chain alkyl group are fatty diacids or fatty diacid esters. 128. The process of any of embodiments 122-124 wherein the compound(s) having a straight-chain alkyl group are fatty acids. 129. The process of any of embodiments 122-124 wherein the compound(s) having a straight-chain alkyl group fatty acid esters. 130. The process of embodiment 129 wherein the fatty acid esters are methyl and/or ethyl esters. 131. The process of embodiment 130 wherein the fermentation medium includes methanol and/or ethanol. 132. The process of any of embodiments 122-131 wherein at least 60% by weight of the compound(s) having a straight-chain alkyl group have 8 carbon atoms in the straight-chain alkyl group. 133. The process of any of embodiments 122-131 wherein at least 80% by weight of the compound(s) having a straight-chain alkyl group have 8 carbon atoms in the straight-chain alkyl group. 134. The process of any of embodiments 122-131 wherein at least 90% by weight of the compound(s) having a straight-chain alkyl group have 8 carbon atoms in the straight-chain alkyl group. 135. The process of any of embodiments 122-131 wherein at least 60% by weight of the compound(s) having a straight-chain alkyl group have 10 carbon atoms in the straight-chain alkyl group. 136. The process of any of embodiments 122-131 wherein at least 80% by weight of the compound(s) having a straight-chain alkyl group have 10 carbon atoms in the straight-chain alkyl group. 137. The process of any of embodiments 122-131 wherein at least 90% by weight of the compound(s) having a straight-chain alkyl group have 8 carbon atoms in the straight-chain alkyl group. 138. The process of any of embodiments 122-131 wherein at least 95% by weight of the compound(s) having a straight-chain alkyl group have 8 carbon atoms in the straight-chain alkyl group. 139. The process of any of embodiments 122-138 wherein at least 0.05 grams of the one or more compound(s) having a straight-chain alkyl group are produced per liter of fermentation broth per hour. 140. The process of any of embodiments 122-138 wherein at least 0.1 grams of the one or more compound(s) having a straight-chain alkyl group are produced per liter of fermentation broth per hour. 141. The process of any of embodiments 122-138 wherein at least 0.25 grams of the one or more compound(s) having a straight-chain alkyl group are produced per liter of fermentation broth per hour. 142. Use of a genetically modified cell of any of embodiments 95-121 to produce one or more compounds having a straight-chain alkyl group, wherein at least 60% by weight of the one or more compounds has 6 to 10 carbon atoms in the straight-chain alkyl group. 145. Use of a genetically modified cell of any of embodiments 95-121 to produce one or more compounds having a straight-chain alkyl group, wherein at least 80% by weight of the one or more compounds has 8 to 10 carbon atoms in the straight-chain alkyl group. 146. A cell that produces a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of any of embodiments 1-93. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A ketoacyl-CoA synthase having SEQ ID NO: 119 or being at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 119, wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 184 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is isoleucine, leucine, methionine or valine.
 2. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of claim 1, comprising at least one of the following features i) to xliii): i) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 18 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is alanine; ii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 22 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is methionine; iii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 30 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is alanine; iv) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 38 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is valine; v) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 39 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is valine; vi) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 51 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan or tyrosine; vii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 54 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is valine; viii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 69 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is valine; ix) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 83 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is asparagine; x) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 94 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is threonine, leucine, glutamic acid, or alanine; xi) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 111 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is cysteine; xii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 116 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is glycine; xiii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 127 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is a threonine; xiv) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 130 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is glycine; xv) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 152 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is cysteine, leucine, methionine or threonine; xvi) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 154 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is glycine; xvii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 178 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is leucine or threonine; xviii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 190 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is phenylalanine or tyrosine; xix) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 210 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is valine; xx) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 223 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is histidine; xxi) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 231 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is isoleucine; xxii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 232 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is valine; xxiii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 236 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is leucine or methionine; xxiv) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 241 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is proline; xxv) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 268 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is alanine; xxvi) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 271 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is isoleucine; xxvii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 274 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is glutamic acid; xxviii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 278 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is arginine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glutamine; xxix) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 280 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is isoleucine; xxx) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 282 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is glycine; xxxi) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 296 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is alanine; xxxii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 302 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is threonine; xxxiii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 312 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is aspartic acid; xxxiv) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 313 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is glutamic acid or methionine; xxxv) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 315 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is lysine; xxxvi) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 317 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is alanine; xxxvii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 322 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is glycine; xxxviii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 328 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is glycine; xxxix) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 329 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is glycine; xl) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 344 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is glutamic acid, aspartic acid or asparagine; xli) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 356 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is glycine or serine; xlii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 368 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is arginine; and xliii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 370 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is threonine.
 3. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of claim 1 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 184 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is isoleucine.
 4. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of claim 1 further comprising at least one of the following features: the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 268 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is alanine; the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 296 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is alanine; and the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 328 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is glycine.
 5. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of claim 1 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 317 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is alanine.
 6. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of claim 2 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 30 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is alanine.
 7. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of claim 2 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 368 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is arginine.
 8. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of claim 1 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 51 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan or tyrosine.
 9. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of claim 1 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 51 of SEQ ID NO: 119 is alanine.
 10. The 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of claim 1 wherein the amino acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 38, SEQ ID NO: 39, SEQ ID NO: 92, SEQ ID NO: 93, any of SEQ ID NOs: 121-157 and any one of SEQ ID NOs: 172-204.
 11. A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase gene encoding for a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase of claim
 1. 12. A genetically modified cell comprising a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase gene of claim
 11. 13. A ketoacyl-CoA synthase having SEQ ID NO: 110 or being at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 110, comprising at least one of features i)-ix): i) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 30 of SEQ ID NO: 110 is alanine; ii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 39 of SEQ ID NO: 110 is valine; iii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 111 of SEQ ID NO: 110 is cysteine; iv) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 152 of SEQ ID NO: 110 is cysteine, leucine, methionine or threonine; v) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 184 of SEQ ID NO: 110 is isoleucine, leucine, methionine or valine; vi) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 268 of SEQ ID NO: 110 is alanine; vii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 271 of SEQ ID NO: 110 is isoleucine; viii) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 278 of SEQ ID NO: 110 is arginine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, or glutamine; ix) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 328 of SEQ ID NO: 110 is glycine.
 14. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of claim 13 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 184 of SEQ ID NO: 110 is isoleucine, leucine, methionine or valine.
 15. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of claim 13 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 184 of SEQ ID NO: 110 is isoleucine.
 16. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of claim 13 wherein: the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 268 of SEQ ID NO: 110 is alanine; the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 296 of SEQ ID NO: 110 is alanine; and the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 328 of SEQ ID NO: 110 is glycine.
 17. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of claim 13, further comprising an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 317 of SEQ ID NO: 110 is alanine.
 18. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of claim 14 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 30 of SEQ ID NO: 110 is alanine.
 19. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of claim 14 wherein the amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 368 of SEQ ID NO: 110 is arginine.
 20. The ketoacyl-CoA synthase of claim 13, further comprising at least one of features a)-d): a) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 69 of SEQ ID NO: 110 is valine; b) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 178 of SEQ ID NO: 110 is leucine or threonine; c) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 296 of SEQ ID NO: 110 is alanine; d) an amino acid residue of the ketoacyl-CoA synthase that aligns with amino acid residue 317 of SEQ ID NO: 110 is alanine. 